CHAPTER 15 - Psychological Disorders

Looks at the way in which genes are expressed and influenced by the environment.

Epigenetics

An interaction style characterized by high levels of criticism, hostility, and emotional intrusiveness within a family.

Expressed emotion

The latest version of DSM is considered to be the definitive guide to defining psychological disorders. True or false?

False

(Select all that apply) Which of the following terms are associated with the medical perspective? Illness Symptoms Hospitals Id Cognition

Illness Symptoms Hospitals

(Select all that apply) What are some of the hallmark characteristics of ADHD? Narcissism Inattention Depression Impulsiveness Low IQ

Inattention Impulsiveness

The D S M-5 classified type of schizophrenia when symptoms are, disordered behavior such as hallucinations, delusions, and emotional extremes.

Positive-symptom schizophrenia

When schizophrenia symptoms develop slowly and subtly.

Process schizophrenia

(Select all that apply) What are the reasons somebody may develop a dissociative disorder? To keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness To keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness Norepinephrine imbalance in the brain Exposure to teratogens and toxins and norepinephrine imbalance

To keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness To keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness

The separation of the personality, which provides escape from stressful situations, is the key factor in _______________ disorders.

dissociative

A disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs.

dissociative amnesia

Psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's personality that are normally integrated.

dissociative disorders

A form of amnesia in which a person leaves home and assumes a new identity.

dissociative fugue

The experience of long-term, persistent anxiety and worry.

generalized anxiety disorder

The experience of perceiving things that do not actually exist.

hallucinations

A severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability.

major depressive disorder

An extended state of intense, wild elation.

mania

The _______________ perspective of abnormality assumes that the fundamental cause of abnormal behavior will be found through a physical examination of the individual.

medical

Disturbances in emotional experiences that are strong enough to intrude on everyday living are called ________ disorders.

mood

A disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to interfere with everyday living.

mood disorder

A personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance.

narcissistic personality disorder

A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring.

obsession

The perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression.

psychoanalytic perspective

A class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs.

schizophrenia

A fear of strangers.

social phobia

The perspective that assumes that society and culture shape abnormal behavior

sociocultural perspective

Intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations.

specific phobia

Reacting with extreme anger after someone offers help is an example of what characteristic of schizophrenia? a. Withdrawal b. Inappropriate emotions c. Hallucinations d. Delusions

b. Inappropriate emotions

Which of the following statements is TRUE of process schizophrenia? a. It is also known as Type II schizophrenia. b. It has proved more difficult to treat than reactive schizophrenia. c. It is primarily characterized by positive symptoms, such as hallucinations. d. It is characterized by the sudden and conspicuous onset of symptoms.

b. It has proved more difficult to treat than reactive schizophrenia.

________ is an extended state of intense, wild elation. a. Insomnia b. Mania c. Depression d. Anxiety

b. Mania

When we talk about mental "illness" and "symptoms" of abnormal behavior, we are using terminology associated with which perspective? a. Behavioral b. Medical c. Psychoanalytic d. Cognitive

b. Medical

An alternation of manic and depressive episodes is called a. dissociative disorder. b. schizophrenic disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. personality disorder.

c. bipolar disorder.

According to one hypothesis, schizophrenia occurs when there is an excess of activity in the areas of the brain that use ______ as a neurotransmitter. a. prolactin b. histamine c. dopamine d. insulin

c. dopamine

A disorder characterized by obsessions or compulsions.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A __________ disorder is an anxiety disorder that takes the form of anxiety attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours.

panic

Carmen described an incident in which her anxiety suddenly rose to a peak and she felt a sense of impending doom. Carmen experienced a ____________ _______________.

panic attack

Which type of disorder affects daily functioning without an obvious external cause? a. Depression b. Anxiety c. Physical d. Psychotic

b. Anxiety

A variant of autism spectrum disorder in which individuals often function at a high level but may experience emotions atypically and may have difficulty with everyday social interactions.

Asperger's syndrome

(Select all that apply) Which are considered eating disorders? Borderline personality Binge-eating disorder Bulimia Anorexia nervosa

Binge-eating disorder Bulimia Anorexia nervosa

_____________ disorder is when a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.

Bipolar

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation is a a. specific phobia. b. trauma. c. compulsion. d. panic attack.

a. specific phobia.

A severe developmental disability that impairs children's ability to communicate and relate to others.

autism spectrum disorder

(Select all that apply) Which of these distinguish schizophrenia from other disorders? Decline from a previous level of functioning Learned helplessness and anxiety Delusions and hallucinations Disturbance of thought and speech

Decline from a previous level of functioning Delusions and hallucinations Disturbance of thought and speech

A system, devised by the American Psychiatric Association, used by most professionals to classify and define psychological disorders.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

(Select all that apply) What neurotransmitters have been associated with schizophrenia? Serotonin Cortisol Dopamine Glutamate Histamine

Dopamine Glutamate

A learned expectation that events in one's life are uncontrollable and that one cannot escape from the situation. As a consequence, people simply give up fighting aversive events and submit to them.

Learned helplessness

(Select all that apply) What are the main features of major depressive disorder? Loss of energy Changes in appetite and sleep Depressed mood and lack of interest Depression and mania

Loss of energy Changes in appetite and sleep Depressed mood and lack of interest

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are main perspectives on psychological disorders? Medical Behavioral Humanistic Symbolic interactionism Functionalist

Medical Behavioral Humanistic

The D S M-5 classified type of schizophrenia when symptoms are, disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors.

Negative-symptom schizophrenia

When schizophrenia symptoms are sudden and conspicuous.

Reactive schizophrenia

_________________ schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms that are sudden and of easily identifiable onset; _________________ schizophrenia develops gradually over a person's life span.

Reactive, process

The DSM-5 classification system is only a snapshot of how its authors viewed mental disorder at the time it was published. (True or False)

True

(Select all that apply) Individuals with mania may experience which of the following emotions? Frequent anxiety Wild elation Happiness Extreme sadness Invulnerability

Wild elation Happiness Invulnerability

The DSM-5 provides definitions for more than _____ specific disorders. a. 200 b. 100 c. 50 d. 500

a. 200

James has been diagnosed with ADHD because of the way he acts out in class and at home. Which perspective of abnormality is this diagnosis based upon? a. Behavioral b. Cognitive c. Psychoanalytic d. Medical

a. Behavioral

What manual provides definitions for more than 200 mental disorders? a. DSM-5 b. Psychological Desk Manual c. Interpretation of Dreams d. MMPI-2

a. DSM-5

________ is a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs. a. Dissociative amnesia b. Conversion disorder c. Agnosia d. Anorexia

a. Dissociative amnesia

When does the onset of schizophrenia usually occur? a. Early adulthood b. Adolescence c. Middle adulthood d. Late adulthood

a. Early adulthood

Which of the following reasons explains why dissociative identity disorder is unlikely to be recognized in India? a. In India, the self is based on external factors that are relatively independent of a person. b. In India, the self is commonly viewed as a weakness of a person's heart. c. In India, a sense of self is fairly concrete. d. In India, no standards exist to evaluate a sense of self.

a. In India, the self is based on external factors that are relatively independent of a person.

What type of disorder is characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns? a. Personality b. Dissociative c. Panic d. Mood

a. Personality

The _______ perspective of abnormality was developed in response to other approaches that largely neglected people's thoughts as a cause of abnormality. a. cognitive b. medical c. behavioral d. psychoanalytic

a. cognitive

If we use deviation from the average as our definition of abnormal behavior, the definition is often found to be ______ for explaining psychological disorders. a. insufficient b. ideal c. perfect d. productive

a. insufficient

Disturbances in emotional experiences that are strong enough to intrude on everyday living are called a. mood disorders. b. dissociative disorders. c. anxiety disorders. d. personality disorders.

a. mood disorders.

Unlike _____, which are stimulated by specific objects or situations, _____ do not have an identifiable, specific cause. a. phobias; panic attacks b. panic attacks; phobias c. social phobias; specific phobias d. generalized anxiety disorders; phobias

a. phobias; panic attacks

In ______ schizophrenia, the symptoms develop slowly and subtly. a. process b. positive c. negative d. reactive

a. process

When people who have schizophrenia experience perceptual problems they have difficulty determining a. where their bodies stop and the rest of the world begins. b. their name, address and who their family members are. c. what language other people are speaking as well as their own.

a. where their bodies stop and the rest of the world begins.

Behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives.

abnormal behavior

Some people with a panic disorder develop a complication called _____________, the fear of being in a situation in which escape is difficult—and help for a panic attack would not be available.

agoraphobia

A disorder in which individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others.

antisocial personality disorder

A feeling of apprehension or tension, in reaction to stressful situations.

anxiety

A general class of disorders characterized by feelings of apprehension or tension occurring without an obvious external cause and which affect daily functioning are known as ____________ disorders.

anxiety

The occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause that affects daily functioning.

anxiety disorder

The DSM-5 takes an _________________ approach to identifying disorders—meaning it does not rely on any particular theoretical perspectives

atheoretical

A disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity.

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Which of the following is the essence of the cognitive perspective? a. When an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual. b. People's thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior. c. Abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression. d. People's actions are the root of the problem.

b. People's thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior.

Which of the following is a difference between dissociative amnesia and simple amnesia? a. Dissociative amnesia is a form of amnesia in which a person leaves home suddenly and assumes a new identity, whereas simple amnesia is a form of amnesia associated with lost memories known as repressed memories. b. Simple amnesia involves an actual loss of information from memory, whereas dissociative amnesia involves failure to recall information from memory. c. Simple amnesia occurs due to stress, whereas dissociative amnesia results from a physiological cause. d. Dissociative amnesia involves an actual loss of information from memory, whereas simple amnesia involves failure to recall information from memory.

b. Simple amnesia involves an actual loss of information from memory, whereas dissociative amnesia involves failure to recall information from memory.

Which of the following best describes a somatic symptom disorders? a. This category of disorders involves disturbances in emotional experience that are strong enough to intrude on everyday living. b. This category of disorders involves psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but there is no medical cause. c. This category of disorders involves the severe distortion of reality.

b. This category of disorders involves psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but there is no medical cause.

Mood disorder refers to a. a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and assumes a new identity. b. a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to interfere with everyday living. c. an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ. d. an actual loss of information from memory that typically results from a physiological cause.

b. a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to interfere with everyday living.

The disorders included in the DSM-5 are a. a representation of the universal understanding of psychological disorders. b. a reflection of 21st century Western culture. organized by culture. c. a historical reference of psychological disorders.

b. a reflection of 21st century Western culture. organized by culture.

Which of the following brain abnormalities is associated with schizophrenia? a. increased activity in the frontal lobe of the brain b. abnormalities in cortex and limbic systems c. reduced activity in the brain's dopamine pathways d. inactive brain receptors related to hearing and color during hallucinations

b. abnormalities in cortex and limbic systems

Abnormality as deviation from the average is based on the concept of "abnormal" as behaviors that a. make the individual unable to live in society. b. are rare or occur infrequently in a society. c. deviate from ideal cultural standards. d. cause guilt or embarrassment.

b. are rare or occur infrequently in a society.

If someone feels like their thoughts are being broadcast so that others can read them, they are experiencing a. hallucinations. b. delusions. c. multiple personalities. d. neuroses.

b. delusions.

A conversion disorder in which an individual's hand becomes entirely numb, while an area above the wrist, controlled by the same nerves, remains sensitive to touch is referred to as a. bipolar disorder. b. glove anesthesia c. dissociative disorder. d. cyclothymic disorder.

b. glove anesthesia

Research suggests that ________, a neurotransmitter, may be a major contributor to the development of schizophrenia. a. dimethyltryptamine b. glutamate c. octopamine d. somatostatin

b. glutamate

Recent advances in our understanding of the neurological bases of behavior is one of the advantages to the use of the ______ perspective in explaining mental illness. a. psychoanalytic b. medical c. behavioral d. cognitive

b. medical

Comorbidity means that individuals have a. disorders that cause death. b. multiple disorders at the same time. c. disorders that are similar to coworker's disorders. d. disorders related to morbid obesity.

b. multiple disorders at the same time.

Which of the following is a major type of anxiety disorder? a. bipolar disorder b. phobic disorder c. Down syndrome d. cyclothymic disorder

b. phobic disorder

Dissociative disorders are characterized by the _________ of different facets of a person's personality that normally work together. a. integration b. separation c. emergence d. disappearance

b. separation

Which perspective on psychological disorders assumes that people's normal and abnormal behavior is shaped by factors such as poverty and prejudice? a. medical perspective b. sociocultural perspective c. cognitive perspective d. psychoanalytic perspective

b. sociocultural perspective

The root of abnormal behavior according to psychoanalytic theory lies in the a. problems of society. b. unconscious. c. conscious. d. genes.

b. unconscious.

The rate of major depressive disorder is going _____ throughout the world a. down b. up

b. up

People with schizophrenia often have little interest in others and sometimes may not even acknowledge the presence of other people. This is known as a. learned helplessness. b. withdrawal. c. an emotional disturbance. d. obsession.

b. withdrawal.

The perspective that looks at the rewards and punishments in the environment that determine abnormal behavior.

behavioral perspective

States of extreme euphoria and energy paired with severe depression characterize ____________ disorder.

bipolar

A disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.

bipolar disorder

A disorder characterized by problems regulating emotions and thoughts, displaying impulsive and reckless behavior, and having unstable relationships with others.

borderline personality disorder

Which of the following is the essence of the behavioral perspective? a. People's thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior b. A person's unconscious is key to abnormal behavior c. Abnormal behavior is not a symptom of an underlying problem, but is itself the problem d. Society and culture define abnormal behavior

c. Abnormal behavior is not a symptom of an underlying problem, but is itself the problem

Which of the following is TRUE of the causes of anxiety disorders? a. An underactive autonomic nervous system may be at the root of panic disorder. b. If one member of a pair of identical twins has panic disorder, there is 80% chance that the other will have it. c. Certain chemical deficiencies in the brain appear to produce some kinds of anxiety disorder. d. Environmental factors do not play a role in causing anxiety disorders.

c. Certain chemical deficiencies in the brain appear to produce some kinds of anxiety disorder.

Which of the following is an example of a hallucination related to schizophrenia? a. Avoiding real conversations with others b. Believing that you are a prophet c. Hearing voices in one's head d. Reacting with anger when someone offers help.

c. Hearing voices in one's head

Which of the following statements is true of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)? a. It uses the term "neurotic" as a category. b. It suggests an underlying cause for an individual's behavior and problems c. It takes an atheoretical approach to identifying psychological disorders d. It offers an unscientific way to organize examination of the major types of mental disturbances.

c. It takes an atheoretical approach to identifying psychological disorders

________ refers to problems associated with a specific cause based in Freud's theory of personality. a. Dysphoria b. Agenesis c. Neurosis d. Paraphilia

c. Neurosis

The cognitive perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are the result of a. genetic mutations. b. hormonal imbalances. c. maladaptive thoughts. d. vitamin deficiency.

c. maladaptive thoughts.

Which perspective on psychological disorders primarily argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression? a. humanistic perspective b. sociocultural perspective c. psychoanalytic perspective d. medical perspective

c. psychoanalytic perspective

People with ______ use thought, language, and logic in a peculiar way and that does not make sense. a. personality disorders b. depression c. schizophrenia d. anxiety

c. schizophrenia

Psychological difficulties that take on a physical form but for which there is no medical cause are known as a. anxiety disorders. b. mood disorders. c. somatic symptom disorders. d. cognitive disorders.

c. somatic symptom disorders.

Phobic disorders differ from generalized anxiety and panic disorders in that a. the feeling of anxiety lasts longer. b. they are always preceded by a panic attack. c. there is a specific, identifiable stimulus that sets off the anxiety reaction. d. people experience "free-floating" anxiety.

c. there is a specific, identifiable stimulus that sets off the anxiety reaction.

The perspective that suggests that people's thoughts and beliefs are central components of abnormal behavior.

cognitive perspective

The appearance of multiple, simultaneous psychological disorders in the same person.

comorbidity

The term that describes the presence of simultaneous, multiple psychological disorders is ________________.

comorbidity

An irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some behavior that seems strange and unreasonable.

compulsion

An overpowering urge to carry out a strange ritual is called a _________________.

compulsion

People with obsessive-______________ disorder are plagued by unwanted thoughts or feel that they must carry out actions against their will.

compulsive

A major somatic symptom disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg.

conversion disorder

What disorder is marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity? a. Major depression b. Panic disorder c. Autism d. ADHD

d. ADHD

Which of the following examples exemplifies the sociocultural perspective of abnormal behavior? a. Brianna's inability to find a job is based on her own negative thoughts and beliefs. b. Harry's neurotic cleanliness is based on an incident that occurred during his childhood. c. Bill acts erratically because of a hormone deficiency. d. Dawn continues to drink heavily because her friends enjoy the same.

d. Dawn continues to drink heavily because her friends enjoy the same.

What is the clinical name for an extended state of intense, wild elation? a. Major depression b. Bipolar disorder c. Dysthymia d. Mania

d. Mania

Which perspective assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders? a. Humanistic b. Behavioral c. Cognitive d. Medical

d. Medical

Jami's psychologist has concluded that Jami's debilitating anxiety about performing well in school is linked to an incident in her childhood. Her psychologist is using which perspective of abnormality to come to this conclusion? a. Cognitive b. Behavioral c. Medical d. Psychoanalytic

d. Psychoanalytic

A severe distortion of reality is the primary symptom of what disorder? a. Anxiety disorder b. Major depression c. Bipolar disorder d. Schizophrenia

d. Schizophrenia

Which of the following is a symptom of panic disorder? a. loss of motor function b. loss of memory c. the inability to register new information d. a sense of impending, unavoidable doom

d. a sense of impending, unavoidable doom

Unshakable, firmly held beliefs with no basis in reality are called a. neuroses. b. hallucinations. c. catatonia. d. delusions.

d. delusions.

In schizophrenia, thoughts and language often do not make sense or follow logic, a condition called a(n) a. psychotic thinking disorder. b. neurotic thought pattern. c. illogical language disorder. d. formal thought disorder.

d. formal thought disorder.

Which of the following psychological perspectives is correctly matched to its weakness? a. behavioral: Looks at abnormal behaviors as symptoms of an underlying problem b. cognitive: Ignores internal phenomena like thoughts that might contribute to psychological abnormality c. sociocultural: Implies that people have total control over their behavior d. humanistic: Relies on vague and philosophical formulations

d. humanistic: Relies on vague and philosophical formulations

A severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability is called a. schizophrenia. b. suicide. c. anxiety. d. major depressive disorder.

d. major depressive disorder.

Recent advances in our understanding of the neurological bases of behavior is one of the advantages to the use of the ______ perspective in explaining mental illness. a. psychoanalytic b. cognitive c. behavioral d. medical

d. medical

A ______ disorder is characterized by inflexible, maladaptive behavior that keeps a person from functioning appropriately in society. a. mood b. social c. delusional d. personality

d. personality

Abnormality as ________ refers to behavior considered abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual or if it is harmful to others in some way. a. a legal concept b. deviation from the ideal c. the inability to function effectively d. producing a sense of personal discomfort

d. producing a sense of personal discomfort

The _____ perspective assumes that people's behavior—both normal and abnormal—is shaped by the society and culture in which they live. a. cognitive b. medical c. behavioral d. sociocultural

d. sociocultural

Virginia's mother thinks that her daughter's behavior is clearly abnormal because, despite being offered admission to medical school, Virginia decides to become a waitress. What approach is Virginia's mother using to define abnormal behavior?

deviation from the ideal

A disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

The _______________ _________________ states that schizophrenia may be caused by an excess of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.

dopamine hypothesis

______________ ________________ suggests that schizophrenia results from excess activity in the areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter.

dopamine hypothesis

Anorexia and bulimia are types of ____________ disorders.

eating

People who have schizophrenia have a way of thinking that often does not make sense, and their logic is frequently faulty, which is referred to as a ____________ __________ _______________.

formal thought disorder

The perspective that emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal.

humanistic perspective

A somatic symptom disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health.

illness anxiety disorder

The perspective that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury.

medical perspective

OCD stands for ______________-compulsive disorder.

obsessive

Anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours.

panic disorder

A disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society.

personality disorder

A specific ____________ is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

phobia

People with the psychological disorder of ____________________ tend to be uninterested in others and not socialize. In extreme cases they do not acknowledge the presence of other people and appear to be in their own isolated world.

schizophrenia

Showing a lack of emotion at even the most dramatic events is characteristic of the inappropriate emotions associated with _______________.

schizophrenia

Psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form for which there is no medical cause.

somatic symptom disorders