chapter 15 sociology
The number of Americans who do not have children increased steadily through the 1980s and 1990s and continues to increase today. Asian women are more likely than white women to be child free. Education is an important variable as well. Women with less education are more likely to be child free. Childlessness is less stigmatized now than in the past.
- less stigmatized now than in the past. -increased steadily through the 1980s and 1990s
Identify the following statements as a common reason for cohabitating, or not.
-"We were spending most nights together, anyway." -"I just love spending time with him!"
Which of the following are examples of how families perform the role of personality stabilization, according to the functionalist perspective?
-A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job. -Two adult brothers keep in touch with weekly phone calls from across the country.
Which reasons do Edin and Kefalas give for high rates of nonmarital birth among low-income women?
-Poor women often prefer nonmarital childbearing than marrying the wrong man. -In poor communities, people often share a belief that remaining childless is a bad thing, and that children can bring happiness and order. -Poor men and women often stop using contraception when they are in a serious relationship, even when they don't want or plan to have children.
Identify the reasons why it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on intimate partner violence.
-There are different types of intimate partner violence, which may lead to confusion. -Victims of severe abuse may not have the time and freedom to answer survey questions. -Perpetrators of domestic abuse may underreport.
Identify the statements that accurately describe feminist research findings regarding gender and housework for heterosexual couples.
-When men do housework, they spend much less time on it. -On a given day, the man is less likely to do housework.
Identify the features that sociologists use to define family. These features are true of all families.
-a group of people connected by kinship ties -a group of people in which the adult members take responsibility for the children's upbringing -a group of people who form an economic unit
Which topics primarily focus on feminist approaches to understanding family life?
-domestic division of labor -unequal power relationships -care activities
According to the textbook, which factors have contributed to the movement away from traditional family forms and toward nuclear family arrangements in many societies?
-employment in institutions, rather than on the land -the development of centralized governments -migration from rural to urban areas
Match each type of family to the correct description.
-families of orientation: the family in which one is brought up -nuclear family: two adults living in a household with their own or adopted children - families of procreation: the family in which one enters as an adult and may have one's own children - extended family: a household comprised of close adult relatives, some of whom are not related by marriage
Match each statement about the photograph to the theory that best fits it.
-feminist approaches: The woman appears happy, but she may be trapped, captive to her unpaid household labor. -symbolic interactionism: The woman uses a hug, posture, and laundry to communicate a caring posture toward her son and household. -functionalism: When men work from an instrumental role and women from an affective role, this rational household organization works well.
Which of the following factors are related to an increased risk of divorce?
-marrying at an early age -premarital cohabitation
Identify whether Native Americans have either higher or lower rates of the following compared to other racial/ethnic groups.
-teen births -births outside of marriage -intermarriage by race -divorce
Based on the figure shown, place the four decades in order from the youngest to oldest average age at marriage for women.
1. 1960 2. 1920 3. 1890 4. 2000
Look at the Globalization by the Numbers interactive graphic here. Place the countries in order from the one that offers the least to most paid maternity leave.
1. US 2.India 3. Russia 4. Norway
U.S. law and social policy toward same-sex marriage has changed markedly over the past two decades. Place the following three related landmark moments in order from earliest to most recent.
1. passage of the DOMA 2. Windsor. v USA Supreme Court decision 3. Supreme Court ruling invalidating state same- sex marriage bans
Researchers estimate that as many as - percent of child deaths from abuse and neglect are not recorded. Of child abuse that is reported, about - percent happens at the hands of a parent.
50, 90
The practice of unmarried couples living together without getting married, known as cohabitation, has increased in recent decades. In 2016, what percentage of women participated in this kind of union by age 30?
75
Approximately what percentage of people are married, or have been married at one point, by their mid-fifties?
90
Among the following examples, who would not be considered kin?
an engaged couple who live together
According to Whalen's research, what is a common outcome for white working-class young adult opioid addicts with small children?
children are raised by older adult relatives.
Match each term to the correct parenting practice.
concerted cultivation: -Children are enrolled in numerous extracurricular activities. -Children are comfortable expressing themselves and questioning authority. accomplishment of natural growth: -Parents speak briefly to children and use command statements. -Children are very close to extended kin. -Children are independent in entertaining themselves and playing with friends.
Chinese American and Japanese American women have slightly higher rates of birth compared to whites.
false
Diane Vaughan's research on "uncoupling" focuses on how previously married individuals and their children are affected by divorce in the long run (10 or more years after divorce).
false
Following a divorce, all members of the family experience a significant financial toll.
false
In the United States, cohabitation is often seen as an alternative to marriage. Many single people say they would prefer to cohabit than marry.
false
Sociological research has found that adults who live alone are less happy and fulfilled than those who live in family units.
false
Match each description of family life to its associated phase, according to historical sociologist Lawrence Stone.
first: -Parents or community members typically made marital matches for couples. -The nuclear family was deeply embedded in extended family and community ties. second: -The nuclear family became distinct from extended family and community. third: -Women were relegated to the domestic sphere, while men more often worked outside the home. -Marriage ties were based on individual choice and romantic love.
According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed?
high death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability
Some men do better, financially, after divorce. Others do worse. Which variable predicts men's financial well-being after divorce?
how much the man contributed to family income before divorce
What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone?
living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old
How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans?
marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a non marital birth, because black men are less likely to earn a living wage
Which of the following household types is most common in the United States today?
married couples without children
Mexican families often face unique challenges due to -, where fathers will move to the United States first and send - back to their families, until eventually they can bring their families to the United States. After family members arrive, they face the risk of -, or forcible removal from the country.
migration, remittances, deportation
In Western societies, marriage is typically associated with -, in which only two romantic partners are joined in marriage at one time. In other parts of the world, however, -, where one partner can have multiple spouses, is sometimes the norm.
monogamy, polygamy
Match each type of single-parent household to the correct description.
older: This group is expanding most rapidly among single-parent households. young: A high proportion of this group is poor. widowed: They comprise a small proportion of single-parent households but are relatively economically stable; more than half of this group are homeowners. divorced:They comprise more than 60 percent of single-parent households.
Which of the following refers to the family's role in raising a child, according to the functionalist perspective?
primary socialization
David Popenoe and Judith Stacey disagree on the question of whether changes in family forms in the United States are "bad" for adults and children. Match each sociologist to the correct argument. Labels can be used more than once.
stacey: -In the postmodern economy, it is increasingly difficult for one spouse to earn enough to support a family. -Children need loving caretakers, regardless of their gender. popenoe: -Mothers and fathers play different and essential roles in socializing their children. -The increase in divorce, cohabitation, nonmarital births, and decrease in marriage are associated with social ills such as child poverty, substance abuse, and juvenile crime.
Match each term to the correct description of the family form. Labels can be used more than once.
structural: -An emerging family form among black middle-class young adults is the single-person household, due to the lack of employment opportunities for black men. -Poor families have closer relationships to extended family because they tend to live close by and must rely on these kin for occasional financial or practical help. cultural: -Hispanics are often described as adhering to strong "familism" norms, which suggest close ties to and obligations toward family members. -Moynihan blamed the legacy of slavery, in which black families were often forcibly separated, for continuing "disorganization" among black families.
What reason do most couples give for wanting to cohabit in recent years?
they love spending time together and want to share intimacy
Betty Friedan argued that housewives trapped in a cycle of child care and housework was the "problem with no name."
true
Most children experience short-term negative emotions in response to their parents' divorce, but most recover over time and develop normally.
true
The social causation explanation suggests that cohabitation is the kind of experience that erodes belief in marriage, thus increasing the likelihood of divorce.
true
Today, only a small percentage of couples marry quickly due to pregnancy (i.e., a "shotgun marriage").
true
Prior to 1900, most remarriages included one - person. Now, fully 40 percent of marriages include one - person.
widowed, previously married
Which statement correctly uses the concept of affective individualism?
the belief in romantic attachment results in people wanting to choose marriage partners on the basis of personal choice and romantic love.
Which of the following best represents what sociological studies show about the children of same-sex parents?
the children of same sex parents fare the same emotionally and academically as children of heterosexual parents.
Click on the family member expected to play an "instrumental role," according to the functionalist perspective.
the dad
What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average?
the drop in economic wellbeing following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the effect of divorce on children outcomes
According to the textbook, what is the main reason for the increasing percentage of households headed by a female breadwinner partnered with a stay-at-home father?
the economic recession hit "male" jobs particularly hard
What was the major legal change that occurred in the 1960s to make divorce more widely available?
the implementation the "no- fault divorce"
