Chapter 15

Which of the following has been confirmed by the Wada test? A. Most people have left hemisphere specialization for language. B. Right hemisphere dominance for language is most likely to occur left-handed people rather than right handed people. C. Right hemisphere dominance for language is uncommon. D. Most left-handed people have right hemispheric specialization for language.

A, B, C

Which of the following is a right hemispheric specialization? A. Prosody B. Vocabulary C. Speech D. Grammar

A

Which of the following statements best describes astereognosis? A. It is the inability to recognize objects by touching and filling them. B. It is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces. C. It is the weak Ness of one side of the body. D. It is an inability to recognize objects, despite being able to describe them in terms of form and color.

A

Which of the following are true of tachistoscope test? A. It can help establish the cerebral lateralization associated with motor function.. B. It involves using, and I asked Ak to shut down one hemisphere at a time. C. He can help confirm the general verbal special division of labor between the hemispheres. D. It involves briefly preventing visual stimuli to left or right half of the visual field.

C & D

Which of the following strategies has been successful in helping people, Reagan use of the limbs that were paralyzed, falling, Brain injury. A. Collateral sprouting. B. Severing the corpus callosum. C. Constraint induced movement therapy. D. Rehabilitation using a mirror.

C & D

nonfluent aphasia

Have a lot of difficulty producing speech, talking only in labor and hesitant, Manor, reading, and writing are also impaired. The ability to other automatic speech hour is often preserved. Such speech includes greetings, like hello or short common expressions and swearwords. Produced by damage that includes Broca's area. Comprehension of language is relatively good in people with this..

Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)

I Therapy for recovery of movement, after stroke or injury, in which persons, unaffected limb, is constrained, while they are required to perform test with the effect of them. Another surprising years of experience for rehabilitation involves a simple mirror, replacing the mirror before them with only they're good or invisible.

FOXP2 gene

Important for the normal acquisition of human language, because affected members of the Kayt family all share mutation in the gene. In fact, many variants of fox, P2 tend to produce different abnormalities in language associated areas of the brain probably because fox be too, is a transcription factor that can alter expression of a variety of other genes.

Split brain individual is shown drawings of various shapes of drawings. Our first presented to the right visual field, and then to the left visual field, which of the following is most likely to occur in a given scenario.

Individual most likely accurately recognize the shapes when the drawings are presented to the left visual field.

hemiplegia

Paralysis of one side of the body, usually the right side, which is controlled by the left hemisphere. Sometimes there is unilateral weakness termed hemiparesis, rather than full paralysis. Brain injuries that cause nonfluent aphasia often also cause this.

Contra lateral hemispher

Stimuli felt with the left hand or seen only in the left visual field or first processed in the sensory cortex of the contralateral (opposite) hemisphere in this case, the right hemisphere

motor theory of language

Suggest the anterior and posterior left hemisphere language tones originally evolved as specializations for programming and executing complex movements. According to this theory, when we listen to speech, we are in legend of speech sounds with reference to underline movements of the throw in the mouth that create them and we do this analysis using the same neural systems that we would use to make those sounds ourselves. That works.

True or false Recovery tends to be better when the brain injury is caused by a blow to the head rather than a stroke.

True

True or false congenital Prosopagnosia is associated with reduced activation of the fusiform gyrus?

True

True or false just as in humans, the left hemisphere in monkeys and apes place a special role in communicative behavior?

True

True or false the brains left hemisphere language, system or plastic and I can adapt to various types of communication. Sounds provided that they're heard early enough.

True

neural plasticity

the ability of the brain to change in response to experience. It is incredible in children and a child may show extensive language recovery, even after losing the entire left hemisphere. This shows that undamaged brain regions can take over the functions of damaged regions of the damage occurs early enough in life.

FMRI dyslexia

Using fMRI researchers, found that people with dyslexia often have a disconnection between the systems in pairing the coordination of sounds with our meetings. It has been proposed at this disconnect is a result of hyper excite ability of reading associated critical networks remedial training in people, dyslexia, induces measurable changes in the left hemisphere systems that are used for reading...

Lesions that produce fluent aphasia

Usually include the posterior part of the superior left temporal lobe, extending into adjacent regions of the parietal cortex. People affluent of Asia are somewhat more likely to have a right sided numbness than the weakness, common in nonfluent aphasia.

paraphasia

Usually people with less severe damage. The insertion of incorrect sounds, are words along with labored effortful speech production..

DTI tractography (fiber tracking)

Visualization of the orientation and terminations of white matter tracks and living brain via diffusion tensor imaging. I using this technique researchers have discovered that the. Actuate fasciculus long believe to connect Warnix area to Brockes area instead of here, determinate in the precentral gyrus (motor cortex) and most people just short of Broca's area.

Infants language preception

Well infant appear to be born with neural specializations for speech already an operation. They show more metabolic activity in the left hemisphere than the right when they hear speech even though they don't you understand it does mechanisms don't similar responding on speech sounds. Incorporation of Sobo into language is the most therefore come out through extensive practice. The earlier the better.

tachistoscope test

a test in which stimuli are very briefly exposed in either the left (right hemisphere) or right visual( left hemisphere) half field. Verbal stimulus words and letters, or recognize more accurately in the right visual field(left hemisphere). Well non-verbal stimuli such as faces Regina metric forms presented to the left visual field (Right hemisphere) or better recognized that then the left hemisphere.

Alexia

difficulty reading or inability to read

Agraphia

loss of ability to express thoughts in writing

Which of the following statements are most likely to be true of a person with nonfluent aphasia. A. The person experience hemiplasia, or hemiparesis on the right side B. The person will have the ability to other short phrases, such as hello or swearwords. C. The person may experience an impairment in reading and writing. D. The personal other invented nonsense words. E. The person will have difficulty producing speech.

A, B, C, E

Which of the following are most likely to be affected if the right hemisphere of a persons brain sustained some damage? A. Perception of music B. Perception of complex vocabulary, and grammar rules. C. Perception of emotional tone of voice aspects of language. D. Perception of faces.

A, C, D

global aphasia

Caused by brain injury, or disease, which results in a total loss of the ability to understand, or produce language. They retain some ability to speak, like sounds especially emotional exclamations, but they can other very few words, and no semblance of syntax remains. It generally results from very large left hemisphere lesions that encompass both anterior posterior language zones. Frontal temporal and Prietl cortex, including Brooker's area or nicks area and the supra marginal gyrus are usually affected.

Identify the common elements of all human languages. A. Gestures B.Grammar C.Morphemes D. Phonemes

B, C, D

True or false Damage neurons are unloading to regrow their connections

False

True or false Prosopagnosia is always accompanied by diminished intellectual abilities.

False

True or false human babies start out babbling only those phonemes that they here and use around themselves.

False

Phonemes

Basic speech sounds that are assembled into units of meaning.

How do practice and training, help modify, positive and or sexual from brain?.

By reducing inflammation of the brain

Identify the cognitive impairments that are associated with damage to the fusiform gyrus. A. Apraxia B. Aphasia C. Prosopagnosia D. Agnosia

C & D

Which of the following are characteristics demonstrated by people with Williams syndrome? A. They have difficulty learning verb tenses. B. The trip over certain syllables C. They have various intellectual deficits. D. They have excellent verbal skills.

C & D

True or false. Almost all types of behavior from manual skills to an electro activities are performed better by the right cerebral hemisphere alone?

False. Almost all types of behavior for manual skills to intellectual activities are performed better by the two hemispheres working together than by either hemisphere working alone.

True or false. Monaural presentation can produce a right ear advantage.

False. Monaural presentation involves presentation of speech stimuli to one ear at a time which does not produce a right ear advantage.

Actuate fasciculus

Fiber tracked classically, viewed as a connection between wernickes speed h area and Broca's speech area.

Following a brain injury, Steve is no longer able to recognize family members by looking at him however, he does not have any visual impairment or diminished intellectual abilities, which of the following parts of the individuals. Brain has most likely sustained an injury.

Fusiform gyrus

In the context of prosopagnosia, identify the findings of the research with people whose, right hemispheres were shut down during Wada tests. A. Anesthetizing the left hemisphere does not have a severe affect on facial recognition. B. Anesthetizing the left hemisphere does not cause any difficulty and facial recognition. C. Anesthetizing the right hemisphere does not cause difficulty in facial recognition. D. Anesthetizing the right hemispheres cause difficulty and recognizing faces.

A & D

Which of the following are most likely causes of Prosopagnosia? A. Brain damage. B. Obesity. C. Hormonal imbalance. D. Genetic inheritance.

A & D

asterognosis

A deficit where and Object placed in the hand opposite the injured somatosensory area can be felt, but cannot be identified by touch and active manipulation.

surface dyslexia

A form of acquired dyslexia where the person makes different types of errors when reading these people can read nonsense words without problems, indicating that they understand which letters make which sound, but I find it difficult to recognize words in which the letter to sound rules are irregular. In contrast people, deep dyslexia those who suffer from surface dyslexia have difficulties that are restricted to the details and sounds of letters. Interestingly, it doesn't occur in native speakers of languages that are perfectly phonetic, such as Italian, where every letter is pronounced. This finding indicates that was lost as speakers of nongenetic languages like English is a purely learned aspect of language.z

Sensitive period

A lingered span of time during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally . The sensitive. Tapers down from the Maximo sensitivity of early childhood to an actual event end of special sensitivity around puberty. Learning a second language is much more difficult in adulthood after the sensitive period is over .Specialized mechanisms for language acquisition show a clear-cut sensitive or critical period.

Dyslexia

A mild to sever difficulty reading. Learning the written form of a language is slow and laborious chore of childhood that is vulnerable to developmental disruptions.

Prosopagnosia (face blindness)

A rare syndrome that affected individuals field, recognize not only their own face as well also faces of relatives and friends. No amount of remedial training resource ability to recognize anyone's face and contrast the ability to visually recognize objects may be retained the person may have no difficulty identify people by their voices. There is no disorientation of confusion, accompanied by this condition Nauser evidence of diminish intellectual abilities, or significant visual impairment. Research with people who is right hemispheres have been in pair drink stroke, or shut down by water test indicate that the right hemisphere is especially important for processing faces. Can also occur from birth. No thank you baby.

Fusiform gyrus

A region of cortex on the interior surface of the brain, or the occipital and temporal cortices meet, is a central component of network for facial recognition, and seems to play a special role and recognizing stimuli was specific categories. Individuals with prosopagnosia falling brain damage almost always have damage here.. functional MRI studies of healthy people show that has with face recognition the fusiform region is activated not only when people are identifying faces, but also in identifying birds or cars or individual members of other categories, especially if the participant has relevant expertise.

Broca's area

A region of the frontal lobe , left inferior frontal region of the brain that is involved in the production of speech. Damage that includes Brocas area, often produces the type of a face yet known as nonfluent aphasia.

Wada test

A test in which a short lasting anesthetic is delivered into one carotid artery to determine the processing specializations of that hemisphere such as language. It confirms that most people have less hemispheric specialization for language regardless of if the right or left handed. The reverse pattern, right hemisphere dominance for language is uncommon, but when it occurs, it is more usually in left-handed people. Similar results can be obtained healthy people by using transcranial. Magnetic stimulation, TMS or an fMRI..

deep dyslexia

A type of acquired dyslexia, known as deep dyslexia is characterized by semantic errors(meaning of words) for example, to printed word, cow is red horse. People with the dyslexia are also unable to read aloud words that are abstract as opposed to concrete, and they make frequent areas in which they seem to feel to see small differences in words. Involves language mechanisms that are important for all languages..

What are the advantages of immediate medical treatment at the onset of a stroke? A. It reduces cell death. B. It decreases inflammation. C. It initiates apoptosis. D. It encourages neurogenesis.

A&B

Based on the research findings, which of the following factors has been found to be associated with dyslexia. A. Premature, developmental migration of neurons in adult positions. B. Disconnection between two language systems, one focused on the sound of letters, and other focused on the meanings of whole words. C. Disconnection between Warnix area and Brooker area. D. Disruption of genes involved in brain development.

A, B, & D

Which of the following are true of the Planum temporale? A. It is associated with a predisposition to acquire language in the left hemisphere. B. In the feet of stage in humans it is exclusively found in the left hemisphere. C. It's a symmetry involved in ancestral species before the hominid split off from the great apes. D. Although the right hemisphere is crucial for music perception, most people the planum temporale tends to be much larger in the left hemisphere of musicians with perfect pitch them in the right hemispheres.

A, C, D.

Identify the instances in which FMRI shows the fusiform region of a person as activated? A. Well, identifying faces. B. Well identify objects, such as cars. C. Well identify objects by touch and manipulation D. Well, identifying individual members of various categories.

A, b, d

An individual has a State injury to the postcentral gyrus on the left parietal lobe, which of the following abilities of the individual is most likely to be adversely affected?

Ability to identify an object by touch if it is placed in the right hand

Identify some of the cases of traumatic brain injury(TBi) A. Mishaps during recreational activities. B. Contact sport. C. Injuries at work and in the home D. Motor vehicle accident

All of the above

Which of the following are symptoms of a concussion? A.confusion B.mood disturbances C. Headache D. Memory loss

All of the above

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Allows researchers to simulate, small clusters of cortical neurons with good precision from outside to scalp, but using MRI scans to select target, TMS provides a noninvasive method for inducing. A sort of temporary brain lesion distributing the activity of this like a brain region for up to an hour alternatively, TMS can be used along with PET or fMRI to precisely met regions of increased activity..

Connection isn't model of aphasia

Also known as the Wernicke-Gechwind model after it leading proponents argues that language deficits result from disconnection from the brain regions in a language net work. Each of these regions is propose to sever a particular feature of language analysis, or production.

Plenum temporale

An auditory region on the superior surface of the temporal lobe was found to be larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere. It includes parts of the posterior cortical region called Warnix area.. having a larger one is related to the left hemispheres language specialization.

aphasia

An impairment in language, understanding, and or production that is caused by a brain injury, usually in the left hemisphere. And severe damage people may lose ability to produce any speech whatsoever. Most people with vision also so some impairment in writing, which is known as agraphia and disturbances in reading know as alexia.

conduction aphasia

An impairment in the ability to repeat words and sentences.

Agnosia

An inability to identify individual items makes of cars tools, bird species sounds, and so on and the absence of any specific century deficits or memory. Often accompanies prosopagnosia.

split brain individuals

An individual whose corpus callosum has been severed, halting communication between the right, and left hemispheres

Which of the following terms refers to an impairment in language understanding, and our production that is caused by brain injury.

Aphasia

right hemisphere

Auditory areas of the right hemisphere, play a major role in the perception of music many aspects of music, activate the right hemisphere more than the left. Although damage the right hemisphere can impair perception of music does not abolish it.

Which of the following statements best describes chronic traumatic encephalopathy(CTE)? A. Impairment in language, understanding, and reproduction is caused by the brain injury B a form of dementia that may develop falling multiple concussions C. An apartment in ability to carry out sequential movements, even though there's no muscle paralysis D. Paralysis of one side of the body.

B

Which of the following statements are true of people who start to learn a second language after puberty? A. They can better identify the phonemes of the second language, then people who learned early childhood can. B. They use a different Rayden net work for the second language, unlike people who learn two languages in early childhood. C. They find it more difficult to learn a second language, do the people who learned in early childhood do. D. They can better understand the nuances of the second language than people who learned in early childhood can.

B & C

injury to parietal lobe

Causes diversity of behavioral changes. Related partly to the large expanse of this lobe and it's critical position a abutting all three of the other cortical lobes. The enter end of the parietal region includes the post central gyrus which is the primary cortical receiving area for somatic sensation. More extensive injuries in the parietal cortex beyond the postcentral gyrus affect interactions between or among century modalities, such as visual or tactical matching skills with your car the participant visually identify an object that is touched or to reach for an object that is identified visually.

motor theory of language

Consistent with the motor three of speech, perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language, a language, based entirely movements, and sounds employ the same language related regions of the left hemisphere is hearing people who use spoken language in the show comparable, if easy like symptoms after left hemisphere damage.

Who, among the following has deep dyslexia? A. A person who has trouble reading the words that have similar spelling, but pronounced differently, such as rough, ploughing, and dough. B. A person who produces speech sounds haltingly. C. A person who is unable to repeat words and sentences. D. A person who reads spoon as fork and dog as cat.

D

embryonic stem cells

Derive from embryos, these cells have not yet differentiated into specific roles, and therefore are available to develop under the control of local chemical cues, and the types of cells needed. Used to repair the brain following stroker injury.

Williams Syndrome

Is caused by the deletion of 28 genes from chroma zone seven have very intellectual deficits, but excellent verbal skills. No one knows exactly what developmental mechanism results in this hyper verbal behavior, but position of extra copies of the identify genes and chromosomes 7 rather than deletion of these jeans, for this is a syndrome, a very poor expressive language, that is in many ways the converse of William syndrome.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

MRI technology is used to specifically study white matter tracks axon bundles with the living brain and more images are created from radio, frequency, energy that is emitted by relaxing protons within water molecules. The unique behavior of the water molecules that are constrained within axons is exploded, create images of Exxon, fiber, pathways between areas and produced called DTI tractography or fiber tracking.

concussion

Mild traumatic brain injury, with the range of possible symptoms, including headache, mood, disturbances, confusion, memory loss, and occasionally a brief loss of consciousness.

development dyslexia

More likely in boys and people that are left handed. A unique problem to written language not a cognitive deficit. Has been associated with several types of neurological abnormalities. Studies using MRI brands of dyslexic people have been found to have a parent layering of the neurons of the cerebral cortex along with the excessive cortical folding in clusters of extra neurons an unexpected locations.. cortical abnormalities, for specially evident in the frontal temporal lobes, possibly because of the defective migration of newborn around during fetal development. Studies using fMRI confirm that people dyslexia showed impaired neural activity in the left post to your speech loans what is playing a relative over activation of anterior regions. Abnormality in the nearby temporoparietal region has been linked to the phonological aspects of dyslexia.

Wernicke's area

More posterior region of the left hemisphere on the upper part of the temple opener where join soprano love. Damage to this area can cause fluent aphasia..

Apraxia

Motor impairment characterized by great difficulty in making precise sequences of movement, despite the absence of weakness or paralysis. Also commonly produced by brain damage that also produces aphasia.

Language zone during speech

Passing viewing awards, activate supposed to be area within the left hemisphere, but possibly hearing a word shift the focus of the brain activation to the temporal lobes, repeating words, Orly activates motor, contacts of both sides, along with supplementary motor cortex of some of the cerebellum. During word, repetition, or reading aloud there's a little activity in the Brocas area when participants are required to generate an appropriate for her to go with the supplied now language related regions in the left hemisphere, including Brockes area suddenly are activated. Even languages that sound very very different, seem to activate much the same brain regions in native speakers.

Other kinds of brain damage that impair reading

People with Emma special neglect, following right parietal lobe damage disregard left after the world despite having otherwise normal vision such a People that's also felt knows the left half of the words that they see necessarily resulting in poor reading. And some severe cases of acquired dyslexia, the individuals exhibit letter by letter, reading a striking permit, in which they libra, Slee spell out each word to themselves allowed recently and these cases, it seems that the contest attention to the spelling of each word is only way by which words can be identified so reading is dramatically slower.

Dichroic presentation

Presenting different sound to two ears at the same time. Right handed people identify verbal stimuli, delivered to the right ear, more accurately and stimuli presented to the left ear . This result is described as a right your advantage for verbal information.

fluent aphasia

Produce plenty of verbal output, but they're utterances all those speech like tend to contain many paraphrases, such as sound substitutions and reward substitutions. Invented nonsense words(neologism) are also common. The ability to repeat words and sentences is impaired. It is also believed they have difficulty comprehending what they.

right hemisphere lesion

Right hemisphere lesions, especially more posterior lesions that involve the temple and parietal lobes tend to produce a variety of striking impairment of special cognition, such as inability to recognize faces, spatial disorientation, inability to recognize objects by touch, or the complete neglect of one side of the body.

Morpheme

Simple units of meaning. They are assembled into words.

acquired dyslexia

Sometimes people who learn to read just fine as children suddenly become dyslexic in adulthood as a result of disease or injury usually to the left hemisphere. This is known as acquired dyslexia, sometimes called Alexia, which often hints about how the brain processes written language.

left hemisphere

Specialized for language

bilateral damage

Split brain, individuals and functional imaging studies make it clear that both hemispheres have some capacity for recognizing faces. That's all the damage restricted to the right hemisphere can impair face processing. The most complete cases of prosopagnosia are caused by bilateral damage.

language network

The connection is model of aphasia poses that when a word or sentence is heard the auditory context transmits information about the sound to a speech reception mechanism, and Warnix area, where the sounds are in less to decode what they mean in order for the word to be spoken aloud. The connection account says we're next area transmits information via bundle of axons called the secure fasciculus to the expressive mechanism in Broca's area where a speech plan is activated. Brocas area then transmits his plan to adjacent motor cortex which controls the muscles of the chest throat and mouth are used for the speech production. The model therefore argues that people with lesions that six selectively disrupt actuate fasciculus well especially struggle with rip petition of words and phrases that they can't hear despite good beach, comprehension in production condition, termed conduction, aphasia.

Which of the following theories and models argues that language deficits result from disruptions in the language, net work that that connects brain regions, each of which serves a particular linguistic function?

The connections model of aphasia

pragmatically

The context in which a speech sound is uttered. Or speech is colored and clarified by the context of the utterance and buy emotional tone emphasis that we had these things we say.

Syntax

The grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences in a language.

corpus callosum

The huge white matter pathway consisting of hundreds of millions of axons that connect two hemispher.

Hemisphere

The left hand is controlled by the right hemisphere, and the right hand is controlled by the less hemisphere

Prosody

The perception of emotional tone of voice aspects of language. This is a right hemispheric specialization..

recovery of function

The recovery of behavior capacity, following brain damage from stroke or injury. The aim of developing treatments and improve outcomes for people with brains damage.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

The result of too many concussions. It can be diagnosed only in post Mortem analysis, but one specific approaches as a specific type of pet scan, detect abnormal expressions of the Seidel structural protein, TIU in the brain..

Which of the following is a reason for the right your advantage in dichotic presentation?

The sound presented to the right years process, but I left auditory cortex, and then pass directly to speech systems in the left hemisphere.

Stuttering

The tendency of otherwise healthy people to produce speech, sounds only haltingly, tripping over certain syllables, or being unable to start vocalizing certain words, as likewise, at least, partly herbal an associate with changes in our genes.

collateral sprouting

the process by which axons of some healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches.