Chapter 16

electricity

WAY better than steam

settler societies

What countries like Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA become known as. Due to the fact that many oversees immigrants quickly outnumbered the locals and even displaced them.

May Day

A day with parades picnics and protests celebrated by organized labor.

Labor Movement

-currency reform -8 hour work day -coopertive commonwealth -end concentrated capital and ownership

Transatlantic telegraph cable

(1866) makes for instant communication between continents

Economy

-greenbacks taken back -gold standard -Repubs favor eastern industrialists oand banks; bad for south and west farmers -their prices fall (rise of populists)

Boss Tweed

-in NY -won support with immigrants by making private welfare system American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City and a director of the Erie Railroad, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel

Gilded Age Reformers

-liberal reformers -activist gov't to address social needs -intellectuals/editors -low-class should not rely on gov't -dependence on gov't ruining individual liberty

Precursor to Social Reform

-more educated -produce books, pamphlets and arctiles on land taxatin and currency reform -better class system needed -labor and capital -poor housing, tyrannical employers

Progress and Poverty

-single tax on everybody that would be so high it would prevent speculation in urban and rural land -communism (everybody owns land) -gov't is repressive

Coopertive Commonwealth

-socialist ideas -private control of economic enterprises should be replaced by gov't ownership in order to ensure a fairer distribution of the benefits of the wealth -most popular with immigrants -class revolution as end result of process of peaceful evolution, not violent

Looking Backward

-socialist too -freedom is social condition, resting on interdependence not autonomy -maintain industrial capitalism while eliminating equaltiy

Greenback Labor Party

-suggests fed. gov't should stop taking greenbacks out -gov't should control economy, not private

1880 Election

1880 election -Winfield Hancock—Democrat -James Garfield--Republican

Voting

80% turnout

Great Upheaval of 1886

A wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation in 1886. -divided along class lines -Repubs conntected to industrialists

"cooperative commonwealth"

Book by Laurence Gronlund a lawyer who immigrated from Denmark. Promoted Socialism, idea that private control of economic enterprises should be replaced by government ownership to make distribution of profits fairer. Influential in West Europe, however not believed wildly in US because many believed access to individual property was freedom of US.

Gospel of Wealth

Essay written by Andrew Carnigie based on the "trickle-down" idea of rich people giving back to society.

gilded

Gilded"—Covered thinly with gold -coined by Mark Twain

Grover Cleveland

Grover Cleveland—Only president to serve two non-consecutive terms -Wins (1884), loses (1888), wins (1892) --22nd and 24th president -One of two Democratic presidents between 1861 and 1933

Terence V. Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labors in late 1870s, said that "Americans were not the free people that we imagine we are"

Social Gospel

Originated as an effort to reform protestant churches by expanding appeal in urban neighborhoods. Taught charity and helping others. -reform Protestant churches and more easy to attend .mission and relief programs -church supports labor movement!! Equalizing power and promoting brotherhood should be goal of society -Led by late 19th and early 20th century Christians --Offering an ethic to defy cut-throat competition ---Created settlement houses (community centers), programs to combat child labor, etc.

Politics in the Gilded Age

Period of political stalemate: -3 presidential elections with popular vote decided by less than 1% -2 candidates win popular vote but lose electoral vote -Succession of one-term presidents from 1876-1892 -Congress/President divided throughout -state gov't regulate business mostly -greenbacks undone -often involved in corruption of favoring major businesses -lawmakers support bills in their favor -Republicans dominate North and Midwest and agrarian West --union veterans main supporters

Political Machines

Political machines come to dominate many American cities during Gilded Age -Authoritative "boss" (e.g. Boss Tweed of Democrats in NYC) controls elections --Patronage (jobs, food, etc.) for support of candidates ---Immigrant population often supported machines

"single tax"

Proposed by Henry George in Progress and Poverty, was a tax that would replace all other taxes and place a tax on increases on value of real estate. Would be so high that it would prevent land speculation, eliminate monopolies and distribute wealth.

Haymarket Square Riot

Protest of workers in 1886 in Chicago were four strikers were killed. The next day a protest was held for the killings. Someone through a bomb at a police officer causing them to open fire and kill bystanders and some policeman. -foreign people accused of being anarachists/socialists -labor movement gets bad rap and is un-american aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square[2] in Chicago. It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they acted to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; scores of others were wounded (rioters against Jay Gould`s company)

Jay GOuld

leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has been referred to as one of the ruthless robber barons of the Gilded Age, whose success at business made him one of the richest men of his era. He was hated and reviled, but some modern historians like Walter R. Borneman and Maury Klein, working from primary sources, have attempted to discount his negative portrayal

Party division

leads to stalemates in policies during this era; can't get a lot done -party loyalty intense

Monopolies

not yet illegal; many small companies gobbled up by large ones -horizontal integration -Standard Oil, US Steel and International Harvester

Munn v. Illinois

ourt upheld the power of government to regulate private industries. affirmed the constitutionality of state regulation extending to private industries that affect public interests. Because grain storage facilities were devoted to public use, their rates were subject to public regulation. Moreover, Waite declared that even if Congress alone is granted control over interstate commerce, a state could take action in the public interest without impairing that federal control.c

Horizontal Integration

process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. -The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or service. -Buying out competitors --4000 companies gobbled up by larger ones between 1897-1904 ---JP Morgan's US Steel (1901)—Combination of 8 large companies

Economic Indepdence

relies more on technical skill than ownership of own shop ***only applies to skilled workers

Wabash v. Illinois

reverses Munn case; only fed. gov't could regulate railroads engaged in interstate commerce, as all importamt lines were

New States in GIlded Age

states continue to enter Union during Gilded Age and press for gov't to subdue Indians

Comanche

subordinated local Indian groups to their power, imposed a toll on trade routes like Santa Fe and dealt with Spanish, French and AMerican gov'ts

NY

symbol of urban growth

Statue of Liberty

colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886. freedom for -immigrants -working class -freed slaves -'0pñ.

times zones

comes as a result of companies doing it to better manage rail transport -helps even bring access to rural areas (not just cities)

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.[1] The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul or long haul fare discrimination, a form of price discrimination against smaller markets, particularly farmers in Western or Southern Territory compared to the Official Eastern states

Carlisle School

School created by BIA to "americanize" indian children and adapt them to the white culture. most children eventually went back to reservations

Sears

Sears, Roebuck & Co. founded in 1888 -Based in Chicago --Sold clothing, jewelry, farm equipment . . . ---Capitalizes on railroads to run giant catalog business 70,000 houses sold until 1940 -Averaged 25 tons of material & 30,000 parts

Courts and Economic Policy

See interferemce in business as invasion to free labor (even controling working conditions and max work hours)

Middle Border

States of Minnesota, Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas. During the late 1800s a new agricultural empire making wheat and corn was founded here.

tariff

Supported by Republicans, was a tax on imports, aimed to encourage american made products. Opposed by Democrats.

US v. E. C. Knight Co.

Supreme Court case that ruled the Sherman AntiTrust act could not be used to split up a sugar defining monopoly.

Elk v. Wilkins (1884)

Supreme court case that ruled that indians that did not give up their tribes were not entitled to the 14th and 15th amendment rights of Citizenship. Questioned whether Indians had achieved the degree of 'Civilization' required of American Citizens. -continues to limit their rights

New communications

Telephone, handheld camera, and typewriter come into use in 1870s & 80s

"solid South"

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

standard gauge

The distance separating two sides of a train track. Was made standard across the nation at a 4 feet 8.5 inches in 1886. Made it possible for trains of one company to trail on another companies tracks.

San Francisco

goes from all classes lving near water to rich getting mansions (in millionaire's row)

long drive

Transportation of Cattle by Whites, mexicans and Black cowboys. Ended in the mid 1880s when Farmers enclosed many areas in barbed wire fences making it difficult to transport, and two bad winters destroyed the cattle.

Second Industrial Revolution

US undergoes rapid economic expansion from Civil War to early 20th century --Factory production, mining, railroads ---Impacts all areas but South -shift from textile industry to manufactured goods -many leave farming to industry (first was about farming too) By, 1880, majority of workforce was engaged in non-farming jobs By 1890, 2/3 of Americans worked for wages (hourly) By 1913, US produced 1/3 of world's industrial output

alternating current

Used by Nikola Tesla, would overcome many of the challenges of using electricity for commercial and industrial purposes. Used for the electric motor.

"Sunshine and Shadow"

Written by Matthew Smith, was a bestseller, compared Alexander T. Stewards mansion with slums in the same city.

Vertical integration

an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need.

Landownership

becomes even more concetrated amongst most wealthy

Robber Baron

wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated marketplace (no democratic controls) -controversey if gov't could regulate

US production in world

1/3 of total by 1913

Cattle Drives

1870s and 80s was golden age of great cattle drives -Brought from Texas to railheads in Kansas --1000 mile movement of hundreds of cattle

First Great Depression

1873 to 1897; world economy experiences first great depression due to flooded market and money removed from national economy leading to fall in prices -many lose jobs or forced to accept reductions of pay

Lochner v. New York

1905 Supreme Court Case that ruled against the establishment of a ten hour per day or 60 hour per week working limit for Bakers. Majority said that law violated liberty and freedoms. US courts side with ownership in almost all labor disputes -Ruled that restrictions on number of hours worked or safety regulations were violations of economic freedom --Advocating for an absolutely free market

Nez Percé

In 1877, American military pursues Nez Perce for 1700 miles -Led by Chief Joseph -Attempting to flee to Canada -Captured and sent to reservation in WA -want land and for gold

Great tribes of 1800s

Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa and Sioux

cowboys

Collection of Whites, Mexicans and Blacks who transported cattle across the Open Range. Become symbols of freedom, but were subject to low pay.

national brand

Companies that sold their products nationwide. Examples were Ivory Soap, and Quaker Oats. Spread nationwide around the time of industrial revolution

International Harvester

Company that manufactured agricultural machinery.

Western Indians

Conflict between Plains Indians and US government begins in 1850s -Military officers and professional hunters sent to eradicate bison --30 million bison in 1800 (almost extinct by 1890)

Credit Mobilier

Corporation formed by inner ring of Union Pacific Railroads shareholders. Was used to Oversee companies government assisted construction. Allowed them to sign contracts with themselves making lots of money.

Captain of Industry

energy and vision pushed economy forward

Gilded Age Labor Force

-Epitomized by semi-skilled workers tending machines -60+ hour weeks -Low wages -No pensions, compensation for injuries, unemployment protections -Incredibly dangerous working conditions --35,000 die/year during Gilded Age in factory or mining accidents -contracts viewed as antithesis to liberty By 1890, 1% of the population owned more property than remaining 99%

Anti-Indian Values

-convert to Christianity -private ownershup -small farming in reservations -Americanize -move for railroad

Economic Expansion

-natural resources -labor supply -growing market for manufactured goods -more capital for investment -competition -high tariffs boosting American products' worth

Knights of Labor

A labor organizing group. Organized many unskilled and skilled workers with people of all races and genders. Had 800,000 members in 1886 and had millions participate in Strikes. Led by Terence V. Powderly promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected socialism and anarchism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized, and after a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again. -First group to organize workers --Represented all types of labor, men/women, black/white ---800,000 members by 1890

the Grange

Also called Patrons of Husbandry, were critics of the railroads. Wanted fair freight/train weights and fair warehouse charges created by national government. Had over 700,000 members. Was successful in getting some states to investigate and regulate rail prices.

A and P Stores

Also knowing as Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company. Was a nationwide Grocery Store.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Banned combinations and practices that restrained free trade. However its vague language made it difficult/impossible to enforce.

Sears and Roebuck

Based in Chicago was a mail order firm selling clothing, jewelry, farm equipment and other goods to rural families nationwide.

Social Darwinism

Based of idea Made in 1859 by British Scientist Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species. Stated that evolution was a process in human society also and that government must not interfere. Believed that efforts to improve working conditions were misguided. -"Survival of the Fittest" applied to humans --Should not work to uplift unfortunates in society (workers, minorities, etc.) --Dominant groups (owners, whites, etc.) are best adapted -poor responsibile for own fate --Inequality is "natural" -Herbert Spencer

John D. Rockefeller

Began his career as a clerk for a Cleveland merchant and rose to dominate the oil industry. Founded Standard Oil Company. Through competition he drove out other companies and fixed prices. Used Horizontal Integration. Soon established a monopoly controlling 90 percent of the oil industry. Gave away most of his fortune. Fought unions

immigration

Between 1870 and 1920, 11 million people moved from farm to city and 25 million immigrants arrived

Thomas Edison

Born in Ohio in 1847 had little formal education, Helped establish many industries and inventions such as the phonograph, lightbulb, motion picture and system for generating and distributing electricity Also the era of Thomas Edison -Refines light bulb, phonograph, motion picture -Also develops systems for generating and distributing electricity --First station in Manhattan used to power street cars and factories

Nikola Tesla

Born in modern day Croatia, went to the US at age 28, and developed the electric motor using the alternating current.

Great Lakes

But industry centered upon Great Lakes --Chicago was nation's 2nd largest city by 1900 ---Steel, farm machinery, stockyards, railroads

Andrew Carnegie

Emigrated with his family from native Scotland at 13 and worked in textile factories. Soon would become a management position for company Pennsylvania Railroad. Tried to establish a vertically integrated steel company. Became very rich and ran companies with a "dictorial hand" -owned 90% of oil at one point Poor Scottish immigrant -Rose to control steel industry in late 19th century -believed life was a struggle -denounced worshipping money Paid for nearly 1700 libraries (and many other projects) -Believed rich had obligation to better society -also medicine research and education But also ran company with an iron fist (12 hour shifts/one day off per year) -Adversarial to organized labor

Captains of Industry or Robber Barons

Enormous wealth consolidated into hands of the few during Gilded Age -No personal or corporate income tax -No laws against monopoly formation -Many of these men devoted much money to philanthropy -sometiems bribe legislators or manipulate the market

Gilded Age

Era from 1870 to 1890. Named after title of 1873 Mark Twain novel. Gilded means covered with a layer of gold, but also means that it's ONLY covered and is thus of few value and misleading. Referring to the remarkable expansion and the damage caused to those who were left behind and abondended. Led to growing gap between rich and poor.

Standard Oil

Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation led by Rockefeller

bonanza farms

Farms that covered thousands of acres and employed many agricultural workers. Were a minority of farms in the trans Mississippi West. very large farms established in the western United States during the late nineteenth century. They conducted large-scale operations, mostly cultivating and harvesting wheat. Bonanza farms developed as a result of a number of factors, including the efficient new farming machinery of the 1870s, cheap abundant land available during that period, the growth of eastern markets in the U.S., and completion of most major railroads between the farming areas and markets -better for big companies -resulted from difficulty in irrigating farms

J. P. Morgan

Financier who founded company US steel who combined 8 large steel companies into one company in 1901.

"overwhelming labor question"

Focus shifted from slavery to labor rights. Labor rights included topics such as working hours and salaries.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Government agency made in the 1800s to work on policies with Indians. Established many boarding schools including the Carlisle School.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian who gave "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" lecture. He said that the qualities of American Culture are tied to the desire to head West. He said that the west was a "safety value "

open range

Huge areas of land owned by the government out west; used for grazing cattle.

Interstate Commerce Commission

ICC, was founded in 1887 by congress as a way to prevent against bad railroad practices. Made sure that farmers and merchants were being treated with fair rates and that some companies were not favored other others. First federal agency to regulate economic activity, but did not have power to establish rates, could only sue companies in court.

vertical integration

Idea by Andrew Carnegie that involved controlling every phase of the steel transportation from raw materials to transportation to manufacturing to distribution. Controlling every phase of a business --Raw materials, transportation, manufacture, distribution ---Thomas Scott (Pennsylvania Railroad) ----Controlled rail, coal mines, ships

horizontal integration

Idea by John Rockefeller to buy out competing oil companies to create a monopoly.

Great Railroad Strike

In 1877, was the First nationwide Strike. Train workers everywhere protested and refused to work due to their low wages. Devastated train nationwide, Military was sent in to force them back to work. In Pittsburgh, over 20 workers were killed by the Militarry, leading to workers responding by burning down railroad yards. -Stretched from West Virginia to Missouri --Workers burned railroad yards (1200 cars destroyed) --State militias (and US Army) attempted to force individuals back to work ---20 ultimately killed Give workers a "rifle diet for a few days and see how they like that kind of bread."—Thomas Scott, PA Railroad

Chief Joseph

Indian chief who was leader of the Nez Perce Indians. He and his tribe were chased out of their homeland .He gave a speech against their confinement said that all should be equal.

Civil Service Act

Law created in 1883 that created a system were government jobs were hired based on ability not how influential one was. Originally only applied for 10 percent of government employees but was important in removing power of political . Brings gov't and economy even closer

Homestead Act

Law made in 1862 that promised land to anyone who settled in the West and improve it. Envisioned a matter of family farmer. Was refuted by John Powell -West was always a possibility if city failed them

Tweed Ring

Lead by Boss William M Tweed. Was A corrupt organization that tried to influence urban politics. Forged ties with railroad men, won support from poor people. However would be ousted in the 1870s

Crazy Horse

Leader of Cheyenne during Little bighorn. Teamed up with sitting bull and the sioux to massacre 250 americans

Sitting Bull

Leader of Sioux during Little bighorn. Teamed up with crazy house and the Cheyenne to massacre 250 americans

"Boss" Tweed

Led the Tweed Ring. Would try and influence politics. While his organization was ousted out of NY in the 1870s he remained popular and many considered him an Urban Lawmaker

"trusts"

Legal device where the affairs of several companies were managed under a single director.

Wounded Knee

Located in South Dakota. On December 29, 1890 Soldiers opened fire on a Ghost Dance killing 150-200 Indians. Marked the end of armed conflict between the natives population and the settlers. Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) -Sioux encamped in South Dakota --US military feared growing Ghost Dance ---Killed ~200 in massacre (mostly women and children

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

Major Indian/american Battle where 250 Americans died. Indians were lead by Sitting Bull (Sioux) and Crazy Horse (Cheyenne). Americans led by General Custer. Want land for gold Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) -Rare example of a sweeping Indian victory --US had ordered all Lakota (Sioux) to reservation in 1868 (land taken away in 1877) ---Warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse kill all US troops under Gen. Custer

standard time zones

Major railroad companies divided the nation into 4 different zones to divide time.

gold standard

Meaning that US currency could be exchanged for Gold for a Set rate. Had been suspended during Civil War, was returned in 1879

nation market

Meaning that when the railroads would suffer financially, so would the entire economy.

Transformation of the West

More land put into cultivation during 30 years after Civil War than in the previous 250 years -Hundreds of thousands take advantage of Homestead Act -Even more purchase land from speculators/railroad companies Small family farms and/or commercial wheat or corn production However, giant fruit & vegetable operations would soon arise in California

Whiskey Ring

Ring of Grant administration that united Republican officials tax collectors and whiskey makers to make a massive scheme to avoid taxes.

Dawes Act (1876)

Named after Senator Henry L Dawes of Massachusetts. Broke up land of all Indian tribes into smaller areas that would be distributed among Indian families and the remainder going to White buyers. Any Indian who adopted this would become a full fledged American Citizen. Was disastrous for Indians, very beneficial for Whites. US gov't begins to establish boarding schools near reservations in 1870s -Sites for assimilation of Indian children --United States Indian Industrial Training School opens in Lawrence in 1884 -Communally owned tribal land divided into separate family plots --Private ownership of land thought to be crucial for assimilation

Ghost Dance

Native American Religious religious revitalization (pan-Indian movement) that told of a day where the whites disappear, the buffalo come back and they could practice their religion freely. During one of these at Wounded Knee Creek soldiers opened fire and killed 200 indians.

New States

Nebraska, Colorado, North and SOuth Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho and WYoming

greenbacks

Paper money issued by the Union during the Civil War, during the 1870s was withdrawn from circulation

William Graham Sumner

Professor at Yale who was a Social Darwinist. Published the book What Social Classes owe to each other and he said it was nothing. Government he claimed should not upset and change social classes.

"The Theory of the Leisure Class"

Published by Thorstein Veblen in 1899 was a criticism of Upper Class Culture and focussed on spending money on goods that are not needed.

"How the Other Half Lives"

Published in 1890 by Jacob Riis, offered an account of living conditions among the poor. Showed pictures of apartments that were overcrowded and dark.

barbed wire

Put up by farmers to prevent Cowboys from participating in the long drive. Enclosed their land and prevented unauthorized access to the land.

transcontinental line

Railroad Line that goes from Pacific to Atlantic Oceans. By 1890 there were 5. -founded by private investment and massive grants of land and money by federal, state and local gov'ts -national gauge -better transport of goods

Kansas Pacific Railroad

Railroad that had stations at Abilene, Dodge City and Wichita in Kansas. Became a method of transporting millions of cattle.

Buffalos

killing of them kills plains Indians

General Custer

leader of the Americans during Little Bighorn. He and his 250 men were killed in the little bighorn