Chapter 16
The two ancient "authorities" whom medieval European thinkers considered infallible were?
Aristotle and Galen
Why does some historians claim the Hermetic beliefs helped to inspire the Scientific Revolution?
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton all had serious interest in Hermeticdeas and the fields of astrology and alchemy.
Blaise Pascal attempted to unite religion and science. He believed that reason could only take people so far....so what was the final step he believed many needed to take?
Faith, was the final step
Because Galileo was put on house arrest [by the Inquisition] - he focused his final years on study mechanics. What ideas did he contribute to the problem of motion?
First he demonstrated by experiments that if a uniform force was applied to an object it would move at an accelerated speed that than a constant speed. He also discovered the principle of inertia when he agreed that a body in motion continues in motion forever unless deflected by an external force.
List at least three factors that helped to explain why science became so accepted in the 17th and 18th centuries:
First, literate mercantile and propertied elites of Europe were attracted to the new science because it offered new ways to exploit resources for profile. Second, science became a part of the high culture of Europes wealth elites. Thirdly, political interest used the new Scientific conception of the natural world to blister social stability. Also, the Puritan revolution gave rise to militaries to get ahead.
Explain the contributions of the following in the field of medicine....Harvey:
Harvey demonstrated that the heart and not the liver was the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body, that the same blood flows in both veins and arteries, and most important, that the blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body. It laid the foundation for modern physiology
Explain the contributions of the following in the field of medicine....Paracelsus:
He believed that the chemical reactions of the universe as a whole were reproduced in humans on a smaller scale. He also believed that the poison that eased a disease would be its cure if used in proper form and quantity.
Descartes took a different approach to the scientific method - DEDUCTIVE reasoning. What does this mean?
He believed, then, that one could start with self-evident truths, comparable to geometric axioms and deduce more complex conclusions.
What was Tycho Brahe's contribution to the heliocentric theory?
He compiled a detailed record of his observations of the position and movements of the stars and planets.
Descartes claimed, "I think therefore I am." Explain.
He debuted all things. Because he is a thinker and that he thinks about things, he exists and is real
Benedict Spinoza was a pantheistic - what does that mean?
He equates God with the universe and all that is in it God is embodied in everything
Why did Nicolaus Copernicus WAIT to publish his famous book, On the Revolutions of Heavenly Sphere?
He had a fear of ridicule from fellow astronomers. He was taking a risk and there would be many consequenses
Galen, a physician who was considered the "authority" when it came to medieval medicine, was pretty much WRONG about everything. Why were his ideas about human anatomy so inaccurate?
He had relied on animal, rather than human, dissection to arrive at a picture of human anatomy that was quite inaccurate in many instances
Explain the contributions of the following in the field of medicine...Vesalius
He made and contributed a book on a careful exam. Nation of the individual organ's and general structure of the human body. He corrected Galen's assertion that the great blood vessels originated from the liver since his own observations made it apparent that they came from the heart.
What did he see that helped to disprove traditional cosmological theories?
He saw mountains and craters on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and sun spots
What was Isaac Newton's contribution to the scientific method?
He synthesized them into a single scientific methodology by writing Barons empiricism with Descartes rationalism
"Galileo!Galileo!" Besides the famous line from Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody... Galileo proved the moon was not made of green cheese-how did he do it (meaning...what did he USE)?
He used a "spyglass" (telescope) which magnified objects seen at a distance which he constructed on his own.
List the contributions of the following women during the Scientific Revolution.....Margaret Cavendish
In her works, she attacked what she considered the defects of the rationalist and imperialistic approaches to scientific knowledge. Critical of belief that humans would be masters of nature
Kepler claimed that he "understood the mind of God." [Wow! Did you know that this brilliant scientist supplemented his income by reading famous peoples' astrological signs? He even predicted the date of his own death...he was dead on.] Explain Kepler's three laws of planetary motion:
In his first law he showed that the orbits of the planet around the sun were not circular but elliptical, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse rather than at teh center. In his second law, he demonstrated that the spread of a planet is greater when it is closer to the sun and decreases as its distance form the sun increases. His third law established that the square of a planet's period of revolution is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun.
Blasé Pascal's final step of faith.... Did it work? Was he able to reunited science and religion?
In retrospect, it is obvious that Pascal failed to achieve his goal of uniting, Christianity and science. No, it was conflicting, from this point on, particularly for Catholics
Why do they refer to his theories as "Newton's world-machine"?
It dominated the Western world view conceived as operating absolutely in time, space and motion.
Tell me about Renee Descartes...what is Cartesian dualism for starters?
It is Deseartes' principle of the Separation of mind and matter (mind and body) that enabled scientists t view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason.
Explain the consequences of the Scientific Revolution in the following areas: Economics
It led to more technology. This technology served purposes for more practical things. It was used to help with mining, ships, cartography. It made many things more efficient and people became more profitable
Was Copernicus' new "heliocentric theory" accurate?
It was a more simpler and accurate explanation
Explain the Querelles des femmes
It was an on going centuries long debate about the nature and value of women. It reaffirmed traditional ideas about women.
Explain the consequences of the Scientific Revolution in the following areas: Politics
Kings and many authority figures started using technology to put advancement in their Kingdoms. They used technology to strengthen their militaries. Governments advanced economically therefore efficiently feed their land
Explain the consequences of the Scientific Revolution in the following areas: Intellectual
Many more people became interested in science and thinking. Even women were interested and took part in experiments.
The great scientists such as Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton viewed the use of _______________ as the key to understanding the secrets of nature.
Mathmatics
Did he feel that religion and science had to be two separate entities?
No he did not. He thought they could both be embraced successfully
Why did Protestant reformers quickly oppose the new Copernican theory?
Protestant reformers were adhered to a literal interpretation of scripture
Explain the consequences of the Scientific Revolution in the following areas: Religion
Protestants were more open to new scientific ideas. It led to skepticism in religion because of how the sciences could prove what went on in the world while religion based on spirits and faith.
List the contributions of the following women during the Scientific Revolution....Maria Merian
She published a book in which she used sixty illustrations to show the reproductive and developmental cycles of Suriname insect life.
List the contributions of the follow women during the Scientific Revolution.....Maria Winkelmann
She was an astronomer and became the assistant to her husband and famous astronomer, Gottfried Kirchhoff. She made some original contributions, including a hitherto undiscovered comet
Religionsly speaking, scientists like Galileo, Newton and other were NOT trying to deny religion....so what did they hope to achieve?
Some believed that the split was largely unnecessary, while other felt the need to combine God, humans, and a mechanistic universe into a new philosophic synthesis. They were doing scientific experiments to show the amazingness of God and his creation. They did so with the intention of loving and exploring God
What about Catholics?
The Catholic Church remained silent for the time being it did not denounce Copernicus until the work of Galileo
Why did Galileo "get in trouble" with the Catholic Church?
The Catholic Church condemned Copernicanism and ordered Galileo to reject the Copernican thesis but he never did accept his condemnation. He also published a book about it and in Italian for more people to read which angered the Church more
What did the Copernican theory suggest about the Earth?
The sun was the center and all of the other planets including the earth, orbited around the sun, while the moon orbited around the earth.
Scientific Societies were incredibly important in allowing scientists to share their ideas. The French Royal Academy of Sciences and the English Royal Society were very important. What type of activities did they engage in?
The Royal Society created a committee to investigate technologies improvements for industry's the French Academy collected tools and machines
What developments during the Middle Ages, Renaissance and early modern period helped to contribute to a revolution in science?
The desire to discover which school of thought was correct stimulate a new scientific work that sometimes led to a complete rejection of the classical authorities Renessance artists desire to imitate nature led them to a close observation of nature. They tried to recreate nature in art. The printing press allowed for the spread of scientists works and for them to collaborate
Problem is..... astronomers found that their observations of the heavens didn't always "fit " with the geocentric theory. How did they "fix" this?
The proposed that the planetary bodies traveled on epicycles, concentric spheres within speres that would enable the paths of the planets to correspond more precisely to observations while adhering to Aristotle's ideas of circular planetary movement.
Explain the Geocentric Theory (aka....Ptolemaic conception):
The universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center. The earth was imperfect and constantly changing. It had a fixed outer boundary in harmony with Christian thought and expectation.
Scientific Societies were incredibly important in allowing scientists to share their ideas. The French Royal Academy of Sciences and the English Royal Society were very important. How did they spread this new Knowledge?
They published journals and papers about their experiements
Francis Bacon is often called the "father of scientific method." he believed in INDUCTIVE reasoning - what does this mean?
This meant that rather than beginning with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions could be deduced he urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general
What did they call medieval scientists?
natural philosophers
