Chapter 16 connect

Symptoms of occupations ill health

- diastolic blood pressure - systolic blood pressure - cholesterol level - heart rate - smoking - depressive mood - escapist drinking - job dissatisfaction - headache - absenteeism - reduced aspiration

Organizational Structure and climate

- little or no participation in decision making - restrictions on behavior (budgets) - office politics - lack of effective consultation

Career Development

- overpromotion - underpromotion - lack of job security - thwarted ambition

Relationships at work

- poor relations with boss, subordinates, or colleagues - difficulties in delegating responsibility

Role in organization

- role ambiguity - role conflict - responsibility for people - conflicts reorganizational boundaries (internal/external) etc

Extraorganizational Sources of Stress

-Family problems - life crises - financial difficulties

What can one do about burnout

1. "what do i work for" 2. " i really wanna do that" 3. create a support group 4. start a physical self care program 5. start a psychological self care program 6. do something silly every day

Perception Interventions

1. Look for humor in your stressors at work 2. try to see things for what they really are 3. Distinguish between need and desire 4. separate your self-worth from the task 5.identify situations and employ the appropriate style of coping

1. One's role in the organization 2. One's career development 3.The structure of the organization

1. Not being sure what one's duty is and being responsible for other people 2.Being promoted into a position for which one is not qualified and a lack of job security 3.Not being involved in decisions and having an inadequate budget to perform the job well

Five stage theory of Burnout

1. The honeymoon: usually satisfied with job and tasks. as stage continues, tasks become unenjoyable and worker loses energy 2. Fuel Shortage: fatigue sets in, and the worker might respond by abusing drugs - difficulty sleeping 3. chronic symptoms: overwork leads to physical effects and psychological effects 4. Crisis: actual illness can occur that results in worker not being able to attend work. relationships at home might also be affected 5. Hitting the Wall: physical and psychological problems can become severe enough to cause illness that is life threatening.

Symptoms of burnout

1. diminished sense of humor 2. skipping rest and food breaks 3. increased overtime and no vacation 4. increased physical complaints 5. social withdrawal 6. changed job performance 7. self medication 8. internal changes

Life Situation interventions

1. dont take work home 2. establish a techno-free time during which your phone is off 3. take a full hour for lunch 4. dont discuss business over lunch 5. discuss your feelings about OS with whoever is closer by

To combat workaholism

1. focus on the work you love doing most, and try finding ways to stop doing, delegate or minimize the parts of the work you dont like 2. ask yourself what work would i do for free? then try to evolve your work in that direction 3. use your time, dont let it use you. 4. build friendships at work 5. schedule open time into your work life 6. learn to say no to new demands 7. decorate your workplace 8. try to stay in touch w/ the positive aspects of your work 9. change your work to make it feel more fulfilling

Two alternative OS models

Demand-control model: conceives of stress as a result of high job demands and low job control. Effort-Reward Imbalance model: conceives of work stress as a function of too great a work effort required to do the job accompanied by low reward for a job well done. This model considers such high effort as high workload on one end of the equation and such rewards as salary, esteem, and occupational status.

Physiological Arousal interventions

Exercise to use up stress

True or false: Studies on occupational stress have found that the amount of work is as critical to health as the control a worker has over the work rate or related work processes.

False

Men may be deceiving themselves. they are more likely to develop stress-related chronic illnesses such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease

Females tend to experience stressors emotionally. due to pressure to meet expectations to be responsible for people inside and outside the home.

Which of the following offers the best way to prevent workaholism and other occupational stressors from negatively impacting on one's life?

Having a strong personal identity

The work environment

In some places of work, hazards create stress. Dangerous tasks or work settings, toxic chemicals, high noise levels, dust, overcooling, unpleasant odors, and other stressful factors can lead to illness or disease.

The costs of occupational stress to society are related to medical costs and possible hospitalization, benefits and social security costs in connection with premature retirement, as well as potential loss of productive workers.

Job stress is estimated to cost american companies more than $300 billion a year in health costs, absenteeism and poor performance.

A factor of an organization's modus operandi that is related to stress is the degree of participation. Identify a scenario in which an employee is likely to have a low sense of self related to his or her degree of participation.

Myra, who believes that she is seldom consulted on issues that affect her organization

Identify a motivational factor that can affect job satisfaction.

Recognition for jobs well done

Which of the following are primarily related to the costs of occupational stress to organizations? (Check all that apply.)

Reduced productivity Sickness and absenteeism Worker replacement costs and training

Emotional Arousal interventions

Relaxation techniques if done regularly can help prevent OS from making you ill, creating disharmony in your relationships, or leading to your abuse of drugs.

Who among the following individuals uses physiological arousal intervention to manage occupational stress?

Rhea, who exercises regularly to use up the accumulated products of work stress

A poor fit between workers' talents and the organization's expectations creates disharmony and dissatisfaction leading to occupational stress due to ____.

Role insufficiency

Job dissatifaction

Salary and workplace conditions (noise, poor lighting, poor ventilation, crowding) are related.

Role conflict

Sometimes workers get caught in a bind. Two supervisors each expect something different. Worker is faced with conflicting demands

Work-family balance

Spillover Theory: Change in one domain affects other domains Resource Drain Theory: the use of resources (time, energy) in one domain limits the availability of resources for the other domain.

Interpersonal

Stressors: - Divorce/separation/marital discord - Conflict family/friend - Death, illness in family - Intergenerational conflict - Legal/financial difficulties - Early parenthood Formal: - legal/financial servies - leave or absense - counseling, psychotherapy - insurance plans - family therapy - loans/credit unions - daycare Informal: - seek social support/advice - seek legal/financial assistance - self-help groups - vacation/sick days -child care

Work Setting

Stressors: - Task (time, speed, autonomy, creativity) - Supervision - Coworkers - Ergonomics - Participation in decision making Formal: - supervisor meetings - health/safety meetings - union grievance - employee involvement - Quality circles - Job redesign - In service training Informal: - Slow down/speed up - redefine tasks - support of other workers - sabotage, theft - quit, change jobs

Orgnaizational

Stressors: - hiring policies - plant closings - layoffs, relocation - automation, market shifts, retaining - organizational priorities Formal: - corporate decision - reorganization - new management - management consultant (in service/training) Informal: - social activities - contests, incentives - Manager involvement and ties with workers - Continuing education - Moonlighting

Psychological

Stressors: - neurosis, mental illness - Disturbance of affect. cognition, or behavior - ineffective coping skills - poor self image - poor communication - addictive behavior Formal: Employee assistance - counseling, psychotherapy - medication - supervisory training - stress management workshop Informal: Seek support from friends, family - Self-help groups/books - Self medication - recreations, leisure - sexual activity - mental health days

Sociocultural

Stressors: - racism, sexism - ecological shifts - economic downturns - political changes/military crisis Formal: - elections - lobbying/political action - political changes - trade associations Informal: - grass roots organizing - petitions - demonstrations - migration - spouse employment

Biological

Stressors: Disease, disability - Sleep, appetite disturbance - chemical dependency -biochemical imbalance - pregnancy Formal: Preplacement screening - counseling - medical treatment - health education - employee assistance - maternity leave Informal: change sleep/wake habits - bag lunch -self medication - cosmetics - diets, exercise - consult physician

The costs of occupation stress to the organization are primarily related to sickness and absenteeism, reduced productivity, worker replacement costs and training, and additional retirement costs.

There may be further costs due to damage in production or equipment, costs in connection with grievance and litigation, and a potential public loss of goodwill toward the org.

Job satisfaction is associated with lower turnover, higher productivity, increased profits, and loyalty to the organization,

Two factors related is low levels of Job demands (workload) and high levels of job control (autonomy).

Role Ambiguity

When aspects of the job and workplace are unclear, frustration and stress are likely to develop.

The costs of occupational stress to an organization are primarily related to _____.

additional retirement costs

Flexible work schedule

allows workers to avoid rush hour traffic, to take care of family responsibilities and to work when the worksite is less hectic.

Women report higher levels of stress than do men. more women (68%) believe its important to manage stress than do men (52%)

although more men (63%) believe they are doing enough to manage their stress than do women(51%)

More women depend solely on social security benefits in retirement than do men

bc women's median income is 18% lower

Career Development

being promotied into a position for which one is not qualified for and a lack of job security

Occupational stress can lead to premature retirement, which can end up costing society in the form of _____.

benefits and social security

An adverse stress reaction to work with psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioral components is called

burnout

Managing occupational stress

by using the stress model to set up roadblocks between OS and illness and disease. Change jobs (life situation), perceive the stressors associated w our jobs as challenges (perception), practice relaxation techniques (emotional arousal), and exercise regularly (physiological arousal)

Burnout: a syndrome of physical and emotional exhaustion. emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment

emotional exhaustion: refers to feeling emotionally depleted and tired. Depersonalization: refers to feeling detached from the work and worksite Lack of personal accomplishment: refers to feeling incompetent and lacking achievement at work

Workaholism serious health effects

exhaustion, anxiety, and high blood pressure. Longer work hours lead to increase chances of weight gain, smoking, alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease

Home based work

existing telecommuters reduce greenhouse gas emissions, bring in over 11,000$ per half time telecommuter per year and up to 44 billion in savings

Perception intervention helps a person cope with a stressor by _____.

figuring out which coping style is appropriate for the situation

workaholism -> burnout

high job demands and lack of resources to meet those demands are antecedents to burnouts. - lack of control at work - insufficient reward - breakdown of work community - absence of fairness

Statistics demonstrate women are disadvantaged in the world of work

in 2016, women earned 82 cents on the dollar compared to men

According to Robert Karasek and colleagues, workers in jobs with higher workload and pacing demands, and very little control of these demands, have _____.

increased rates of coronary heart disease than workers in jobs not so characterized

Individual characteristics

level of anxiety - level of neuroticism - tolerance for ambiguity - type A behavioral pattern

Occupational stress has consequences for psychological health such as _____.

low self confidence

Job satisfaction is important because it is associated with _____.

lower levels of absenteeism

Women request and receive more social support than men. They also use social support to cope with occupational stressors more than men. Women are more nurturing/emotionally involved and encourages them to care about people, express emotions, and seek more social support

men have been socialized to develop action skills such as risk taking, assertiveness, and calmness in face of danger. The occupational stress that males experience has been related to their concerns about power structure that employs them. and women experience occupation stress where theres a conflict between job requirements and family responsibilities

Structure of the organization

not being involved in the decisions and having an inadequate budget to perform the job well

Ones role in the organization

not being sure what ones role is and being responsible for other people)

Since people eat as a way of relieving stress, occupational stress has been found to be associated with _____.

obesity

The combination of sources of stress at work, individual characteristics, and extraorganizational stressors is termed

occupational stress

Psychological Effects

occupational stress can result in low self confidence, increased job tension, and lower job satisfaction. poor job performance and absenteeism are related to stress on the job. leads to depression and anxiety

Disease States

occupational stress is related to coronary heart disease and death from heart disease. It is also related to obesity bc of stress eating. those with OS report low levels of job satisfaction and more psychosomatic symptoms and feelings of anger and alienation

Other policies

offer free chair massages at workers desks. - offer concierge service for its workers - pick up chef prepared take home meals as they left work - increased moral, decreased absenteeism, and helped with recruitment and retention

workaholic: some people either enjoy their work so much or find so little pleasure in their lives that they immerse themselves in their jobs. Jobs consume them

one cause is a matter of identity. Too many people identify more with their roles as workers than with their roles as individual persons. A strong personal identity offers the best way to prevent workaholism and other OS from negatively impacting your life

health promotion programs

organizations are composed of employees and without these employees there would be no organization. - enhanced productivity - decreased employee absenteeism, - lower health insurance and worker compensation costs - helps maintain employee morale - increase presentism (focus and function at work) employees benefit: - become healthier, reduce out of pocket pay - enhance job security, become more productive - absent less often - more likely to avoid short/long term disability.

Intrinsic to Job

poor physcial working conditions - work overload - time pressures - physical danger, etc

relationships at work

poor relationships with ones boss or co-workers

Marie is stressed out from having too much to do in too little time. Marie's problems are due to _____.

role overload

Occupational Stress

stress on the job, but stress on the job occurs in a person.

Physical/Environmental

stressors: poor air/climate - noise exposure - toxic substance exposure - poor lighting - radiation exposure - poor equipment design - bad architecture Formal: Protective clothing/equipment - climate control -health/safety committee - interior decoration - muzak -union grievance Informal: own equipment, decoration - walkman, radio - consult personal physician - letters of complaint

Working in the Home (domestic engineering)

stressors: to much to do in little time, not being specifically trained for many tasks, having to answer to too many different family member demands, and not being clear about all that is expected.

Problem-focused coping

the use of activities specific to getting the task accomplished

Emotion-focused coping

the use of activities to feel better about the task

These sources are perceived differently depending on ones individual characteristics.

these extraorganizational sources of stress stem from family problems, life crises, financial matters, and environmental factors. Mix it all up and out comes symptoms of occupational health problems that can develop into a disease

Child and Elder care

to alleviate stress associated with leaving children during work. recognized that more and more workers are caring for elderly relatives.

Motivational Factors

variables associated with job satisfaction, includes working on stimulating tasks, being recognized for work well done, and positive relationships with colleagues

Role overload

when job demands are so great that the worker feels an inability to cope, stress will develop.

Role insufficiency

when workers lack the training, education, skills, or experience to accomplish the job, they feel stressed

Physiological Effects

work environment associated with hypertension, serum cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, development of common cold, injury and illness, decreased effectiveness of the immunological system and ingestion of alcohol.

One of the culprits in the development of burnout is _____.

workaholism

Lack of participation

workers perceptions of the degree of their participation in the decision making process, the degree to which they are consulted on issues affecting the org, and their involvement in establishing rules of behavior at work have proved to be related to job satisfaction, job related feelings of threat, and feelings of self-esteem. Low participation can be expected to have the opposite effect

Job sharing

workers to share the responsibility of one full time position with the salary, vacation and leave, pension rights, and fringe benefits divided between them. w/ job sharing, employees communicate together. Adv. for parents who want to spend time with kids, students wanting to finish school. Benefits for businesses: hire talented employees who arent ready to work full time and retain employees whose situations change and prevent them from working full time