Chapter 16 Innate Immunity

4. The pH of skin that is believed to discourage the growth of many microbes is

3 to 5

12. Complement proteins are numbered

C1 through C9.

20. The complement cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternate pathway, and mannose-binding lectin pathway, beginning with the activation of what complement protein?

C3

24. How do normal microbiota provide protection from infection?

Competes with pathogens for space and resources.

28. How is the alternative pathway of complement activation initiated?

Contact with a pathogen

16. What do activated fixed macrophages release to bring about vasodilation, increased permeability, and clot formation?

Cytokines

23. What are the effects of complement activation?

Destruction of microbes via cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation.

34. Which leukocyte is most active against helminth pathogens?

Eosinophil

7. Which leukocyte functions to produce toxins against parasitic pathogens?

Eosinophils

37. True or False: An inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.

False

27. During an innate immune response, a chill could be a sign of what?

Fever

5. Which bacterium neutralizes stomach acid that allows it to then grow in the stomach?

Helicobacter pylori

3. How does the ciliary escalator function to support innate immunity?

In the lower respiratory tract, it helps to move microbes up/out of the body by moving bugs towards the throat.

22. A child falls and suffers a deep cut to her leg. What type(s) of innate immune response might be active in eliminating contaminating microbes?

Inflammation, phagocytes

15. What chemical factor (found in tears, saliva, sweat) digests peptidoglycan?

Lysozyme

31. What is the outcome of the complement pathway when components C5 through C9 are activated?

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

18. What cell exhibits the highest degree of phagocytic activity?

Monocyte/Macrophage

32. Macrophages arise from what precursor cell?

Monocytes

33. Which type of phagocyte dominates in the early stages of infection or the innate immune response?

Neutrophil

25. What are the hallmarks of inflammation?

PRISH: Pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and Heat.

6. The toxic granules used by cytolytic cells like NK (natural killer) to kill or degrade cells or pathogens consist of what molecules?

Perforin and granzyme

38. During phagocytosis, engulfed microbes are digested within the ___________ inside the phagocyte.

Phagolysosome

36. True or False: Microorganisms of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.

True

29. How is the classical pathway of complement activation initiated?

When antibodies bind with antigens

Abscess

a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus

10. During inflammation, there is an activation and increased concentration of liver-produced proteins in the blood called

acute phase proteins.

Margination

adherence of leukocytes/phagocytes to vessel and tissue endothelium

39. For fever, __________ are released and act on the hypothalamus to increase the body's temperature.

cytokines

13. Some bacteria evade the complement system by means of their __________. (endospores, flagella, capsules, cilia?).

capsules

11. The attraction of phagocytes to organisms is called

chemotaxis.

Scab

dried blood clot over injured tissue

1. Which of the following prevents microorganisms from entering the lower respiratory tract? (lysozyme, epiglottis, ciliary escalator, or mucus?)

epiglottis

2. Which is not part of the body's first lines of defense? (skin, mucus membranes, saliva, or fever?)

fever

17. Innate immunity ___________________. (is slower than adaptive immunity in responding the pathogens, is non-specific and present at birth, involves a memory component, involves T and B cells, increases susceptibility to disease?).

is non-specific and present at birth

14. Which host defense is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria? (mucus, sebum, gastric juice, lysozyme?)

lysozyme

26. Phagocytes use all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms except ___________ (trapping a bacterium against a rough surface, opsonization, chemotaxis, complement, lysozyme).

lysozyme

21. All of the following increase blood vessel permeability except ___________ (kinins, lysozymes, prostaglandins, histamine, leukotrienes?)

lysozymes

8. Which of the following would be considered an "agranulocyte"? (monocyte, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil?)

monocyte

Diapedesis

movement of leukocytes/phagocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue

19. A differential cell count can be used to determine each of the following except ____________ (total WBC number, number of RBCs, numbers of each type of WBC, leukopenia, leukocytosis?).

number of RBCs

9. What substance is released by damaged cells and intensifies the inflammatory response? (leukotrienes, kinins, prostaglandins, histamine?)

prostaglandins

Pus

tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid

35. Put the following steps/stages of inflammation in the correct order:

vasodilation, margination, diapedesis, phagocyte migration, tissue repair