chapter 16

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

How did the ideas of "race" transform Europeans' ideas of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

"The Sidereal Messenger"- Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. His observations led him to

assert that the moon was uneven, similar to the surface of the Earth

What country began the trend in scientific expeditions

Spain

Who was the author of "On crimes and Punishments", a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system

Cesare Beccaria

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief System of the World

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

The most influential aspect of René Descartes theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered that first major work in the French Enlightenment

The Persian Letter

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family reading diverse texts individually

Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published

the first translation of Newton's "Principia" into French

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research