Chapter 16
Southern Democrats claimed that the local and state governments created by the Reconstruction Acts under "Negro domination" were a. valid for the short time blacks held a majority in the state legislatures. b. valid in that four out of five Republican officeholders were black despite white majorities in six states c. invalid because four out of the five Republican officeholders were white, even in states with black majorities d. invalid because although black could vote, they could not hold elected office
c
the factors that led to the inclusion of a guarantee of black suffrage in the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 were a. Johnson's eventual acceptance of the Fourteenth Amendment and the pressure he put on southern states to ratify the amendment b. Johnson's open hostility to expanding civil rights for blacks, the commitment of Republican Radicals to moral reform, and persistent pressure from blacks c. the Fourteenth Amendment and the failure of martial law in the South d. the impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the disunity of the Republican Party.
b
After President Andrew Johnson failed to stand up to Mississippi's rejection of legislation that outlawed slavery and to South Carolina's refusal to renounce secession, a. he refused to pardon planters and Confederate officials b. he decisively intervened against newly enacted black codes. c. southern states saw their opportunity to shape reconstruction, and southern resistance was rekindled. d. the other southern states backed down on states' rights issues.
c
Ex-slaves believed that ownership of land a. meant social equality with white landowners b. would give them income equity with white workers c. was a moral right and was linked to their freedom d. would mean economic and social equality
c
In the presidential election of 1876, a. the Republican Party went to court to challenge the popular vote in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana b. the Democratic candidate lost the popular vote but won the electoral vote c. the Democratic candidate won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the electoral college, while the Republican candidate initially fell nineteen electoral votes short of victory. d. Tilden defeated Hayes
c
After Ulysses S. Grant, the former Union general was elected president in 1868, a. he supported congressional reconstruction and sectional reconciliation b. he formed an administration that became known for its anticorruption activities c. he supported congressional reconstruction and proved a decisive leader d. he surrounded himself with skilled and experienced politicians
a
Among those who might have opposed President Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan because they felt he "acted as midwife to the rebirth of the Old South" were a. Republican legislators b. southern planters c. Democratic legislators d. southern newspaper editors
a
As new constitutions were ratified in the South in the late 1860s, local and state Republican governments focused on a. public education, the defense of civil rights, the abolition of racial discrimination, and the creation of a diversified economy b. public education, full civil rights for blacks, and the reestablishment of an economy based on agriculture c. full black equality, public education, and the redistribution of property d. the defense of civil rights, desegregation, black employment opportunities, and the restoration of a cotton economy
a
By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866 a. had been mostly abandoned by Northerners b. were still the nation's first priority c. had been mostly met d. had been expanded to include women's suffrage.
a
Following emancipation, many ex-slaves aspired to a. reunite family members sold away b. travel overseas c. become independently wealthy d. move to the North to work in a city
a
In 1865, moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differed in that a. moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, white Radicals did. b. moderates supported Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan, while Radicals wanted to write their own c. moderates supported states' rights and limited federal involvement in the economy, white Radicals wanted to expand federal powers d. moderates championed black equality, while Radicals wanted to limit the rights of black Americans
a
In the Compromise of 1877, a. Southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South. b. the Republican Party was promised majority rule in Congress, and the Democratic Party was promised lower taxes and home rule in the South c. Republicans won lasting control of Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana in exchange for supporting a Republican president d. Republicans accepted Democratic rule in the White House in exchange for majority rule in Congress
a
In the Slaughterhouse cases (1873) and in United States V. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court a. restricted the ability of the federal government and Congress to protect individuals from discrimination by other individuals b. disappointed conservatives, who had hoped to halt the rapid expansion of civil rights c. expanded its protection of civil rights d. expanded the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to include businesses.
a
Private ownership of land was critical to the successful integration of freedom into the mainstream of American society, because owning land a. would give them economic independence from whites b. offered them a straight track to wealth and political power c. reduced their dependence on their extended families d. was a requirement for holding public office and voting.
a
Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely a. undermined reconstruction b. expanded civil rights and the power of the federal government c. promoted the Republican Radicals' agenda for civil rights d. expanded voting rights
a
The Fourteenth Amendment dealt with voting for blacks by a. giving Congress the right to reduce a state's representation in that body if the state refused to give all of its adult male population, including ex-slaves, the right to vote. b. phasing in voting rights for blacks over a five-year period c. explicitly granting all black adults the right to vote d. granting the vote to black males in all states
a
The Supreme Court's rulings in the Slaughterhouse cases (1873) a. limited the authority of federal courts in cases involving the civil rights of state citizens b. extended the Fourteenth Amendment's due process protections to the issue of mobility c. extended the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause to education d. meant the rights of national citizenship took precedence over the rights of state citizenship
a
The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson a. effectively ended Johnson's interference in reconstruction b. found Johnson guilty of violating the Tenure of Office Act c. found Johnson guilty of the misuse and abuse of constitutional powers d. found Johnson innocent of the misuse and abuse of constitutional powers
a
The voting rights provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment proved a major disappointment to a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other advocates of female suffrage b. northern members of the Republican Party c. ex-slaves in the South d. Fredrick Douglas and other abolitionists
a
When Union general Carl Schurz undertook a fact-finding mission to the ex-Confederate states in the summer of 1865, he determined that newly freed blacks would need a. federal protection, land of their own, and voting rights b. military protection, employment contracts, and social equality c. economic, social, and political equality d. jobs, access to an unbiased judicial system, and voting rights
a
"Sherman land" and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands a. reflected Congress's commitment to private ownership of property for ex-slaves. b. created an expectation among ex-slaves that they would become independent citizens and landowners c. satisfied a majority of ex-slaves and encouraged them to form the Southern Republican Party
b
Although Andrew Johnson had left the Democratic Party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because a. he vetoed the Wade-Davis bill and supported federal subsidies b. he advocated states' rights and limitations on federal power, especially in the economic realm c. he vetoed civil rights legislation and attempted to empower the Freedmen's bureau d. of his racism and his unwillingness to support any aspect of Lincoln's reconstruction plan
b
During Ulysses S. Grant's administration, U.S. foreign policy a. was largely isolationist in nature b. was largely imperialist in nature c. demonstrated a large measure of success d. failed to resolve problems with foreign powers
b
During the Reconstruction era, southern black codes a. guaranteed freedmen full political and civil rights b. restricted freedmen's economic opportunities and civil rights c. reestablished slavery d. desegregated southern society
b
Members of Congress hoped Lincoln would not veto the Wade-Davis Bill because they wanted to a. confiscate the property of ex-Confederates b. guarantee freedom equal protection before the law. c. punish ex-Confederates by refusing to covert the useless Confederate currency into U.S. dollars d. grant forty acres and a mile to every ex-slave who was the head of a household
b
Pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction were important in that they a. permitted the rebels to return home with limited currency b. restored property (except slaves) and political participation c. granted voting rights and forgave debts incurred during the war. d. kept ex-Confederate leaders from returning to political power.
b
Some ex-slaves who had formerly worshipped in biracial Methodist churches joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church, an all-black church from the North, because a. they disagreed with the major theological teachings of the Methodist Church b. they wanted religious autonomy and escape from white oversight c. the Methodist Church rejected the newly freed blacks d. the African Methodist Episcopal Church denied entrance to whites
b
The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as a. an elitist order of the Sons of the South that wanted to destroy the Republican Party by lynching blacks b. a social club for Confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy c. a fraternity at the University of Tennessee that wanted to intimidate blacks d. a social club for Confederate veterans who aimed to weaken the Democrats
b
The Republican Party in the South in the late 1800s was made up of freedmen and of a. scalawags and immigrants b. carpetbaggers and small farmers c. landlords and owners of small businesses d. carpetbaggers and ex-Confederates who had been pardoned
b
The army's system of compulsory free labor in the South during and after the Civil War differed from the slave labor system in that wages were paid and a. only the local sheriff could physically punish a worker b. employers were prohibited from using physical punishment, although the army could discipline blacks who refused to work c. rudimentary workers' unions were set up to protect the rights of ex-slaves d. physical punishment was strictly prohibited
b
The black codes were essentially an attempt to a. extend to blacks the same rights that white enjoyed. b. subordinate blacks to whites and regulate the labor supply. c. provide blacks with economic equality but restrict their social and political equality d. extend rights, although limited, to the freedmen
b
The constitutional amendment that prohibited states from depriving citizens of the right to vote on the basis of their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" a. made the United States the first nation with universal adult suffrage b. was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states. c. effectively restructured political power in the South until 1900. d. failed to deal adequately with the grandfather clauses imposed by southern states
b
The system of agricultural labor that emerged after 1865 often pitted ex-slaves and their expectations for freedom against former slave masters who wanted to restore the plantation system. In this struggle, a. no one won because both the army and the Freedmen's Bureau failed to intervene b. ex-slaves resisted their ex-masters by rejecting wage labor, going on strike, and walking away from the worst employers c. ex-masters lost to ex-slaves because of a lack of capital d. ex-slaves lost to ex-masters because of a lack of capital
b
By the early 1870s, Democrats had adopted a two-pronged strategy to defeat the Republicans. That strategy consisted of a. restoring confiscated property and relentlessly intimidating officeholders and politicians who would not support tax cuts. b. polarizing the political parties on the issue of color and exposing the corruption in Grant's administration. c. giving free rein to the Ku Klux Klan and restoring all confiscated property d. polarizing the political parties on the issue of color and relentlessly intimidating black voters
d
Congressional reconstruction did not meet all of its goals, but among those it did meet were a. the congressional elections of 1865, the black codes, and ratification of the Fourteenth Amendments b. the legacy of the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Amendments, and the Civil Rights Acts of 1875. c. the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Slaughterhouse decisions, and the Compromise of 1877. d. the legacy of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
d
In attempting to establish reconstruction policy after the Civil War, a. Lincoln's primary goal was to extend full political rights to ex-slaves b. Congress wanted to ensure the return to power of the former southern ruling class c. Lincoln rejected the "10 percent plan." d. Congress and the president disagreed about who had the authority to devise a plan of reconstruction
d
In the view of the majority of ex-slaveholders, emancipation meant a. they would be free of the burden of caring for blacks b. the South would need to change from an agricultural economy to a commercial economy. c. the freedmen should move out of the South d. the economy of the South would collapse, and southern society would be thrown into chaos.
d
President Ulysses S. Grant's administration saw a. labor violence, civil service reform, little corruption, and a major depression b. a severe economic recession, numerous incidents of corruption and enormous success for railroads. c. widespread criticism for Grant's part in the Civil War, labor violence, and a satisfactory resolution of the dispute over war damages owed by Great Britain d. corruption at all levels of government, a severe economic depression, labor violence, and an attempt to annex Santo Domingo to provide the freedmen with a new home
d
Radical Republicans were united in their advocacy of a. voting rights for women b. an overhaul of free labor system c. leniency for former members of the Confederacy. d. civil and political equality for freedmen
d
Redeemers were a. reformers who hoped to establish public education in the South. b. economic reformers who believed Confederate dollars should be redeemed for U.S. dollars to revitalize the southern economy c. evangelical reformers who hoped to heal the breach between northern and southern churches of he same denomination d. southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South
d
Reformers were shocked by President Andrew Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states because a. Johnson's lenient terms for reconstruction belied his earlier states' rights stance b. Johnson's harsh terms for reconstruction belied his earlier promises of leniency c. his civil rights legislation failed to follow through on his promise to grant the freedmen voting rights d. his reconstruction plan seems to contradict earlier statements in which he claimed a willingness to destroy the southern planter aristocracy
d
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 a. prolonged the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and extended its jurisdiction over civil rights cases b. declared martial law in the South c. expanded the states' authority to write their own civil rights laws. d. made discrimination in state laws illegal
d
The Compromise of 1877 essentially a. shifted racist political strategies from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party b. had no impact on southern blacks c. destroyed the efforts of the Redeemers and helped rebuild the southern economy d. spelled the end of reconstruction and of the Republicans' commitment to the civil rights of blacks.
d
The congressional elections of 1865, combined with the black codes and with President Andrew Johnson's vetoes of key civil rights legislation, a. forged a union of moderate Democrats and moderate Republicans b. strengthened the South's position in its attempt to shape reconstruction policies c. forced President Johnson to denounce the legality of the new southern state constitutions d. forged a union of moderates and Radicals within the Republican Party
d
The fifteenth Amendment a. defined U.S. citizenship b. prohibited the states from infringing on the civil rights of citizens c. outlawed slavery d. extended black male suffrage to the entire nation
d
The new southern state constitutions mandated by the Reconstruction Acts introduced a. universal male suffrage, prison reform, state responsibility for the care of orphans and the insane, and mandatory education b. black male suffrage, asylums for the insane, orphanages, mandatory education and the redistribution of property c. black male suffrage, prison reforms, land redistribution, and mandatory education d. universal male suffrage, prison reforms, abolition of the property qualification for holding elected office, state responsibility for the care of orphans and the insane, and debtor relief for home mortgages
d
The one provision in the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 that initiated radical reconstruction was a. the imposition of martial law. b. the freeing of all slaves c. the confiscation of southern planters' lands d. black suffrage
d
The system under which farmers rented small pieces of land, paid their rent with a portion of their crops, and were provided mules and tools by their landlord was known as a. a crop lien b. a lend lease c. a farm bureau d. sharecropping
d
When southern Republicans pleaded with Congress for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan, Congress a. failed to respond because lawmakers felt they had done all they could under the Constitution to help southern blacks. b. responded by passing the Compromise of 1877. c. ignored the request for fear that Democrats would not support the Republican economic agenda d. responded by passing the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
d
Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans both promised reconciliation and the rapid restoration of civil government in the South; they also shared an emphasis on a. the confiscation of rebel property and full amnesty to former rebel soldiers b. full amnesty to all former rebel soldiers and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment c. pardons for most former rebel soldiers and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment d. limited voting rights for blacks
c
