Chapter 16

According to Levinson, what age most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?

38

By middle age, more than ... of adult children provide care for aging parents or parents-in-law.

40%

At what age does Vaillant see an adultt reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?

40s

By middle age, more than ... of middle aged adults report a duty to care for their parents or parents-in-law.

80%

What percentage of adults responded that adults have a duty to care for their aging parents?

80%

Which of the following statements is reflective of current trends in family living arrangements for parents in middle age?

Because of uncertain economic times, the refilling of the empty nest is becoming a common occurrence.

Why are middle-aged adults sometimes described as the "sandwich", "squeezed," or "overload" generation?

Because they must care for their adolescent and young adult children as well as their aging parents

The view that adults experience a midlife crisis was based on findings from ...

Levinson's The Season's of a man's life

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a limitation of stage theories of adult development?

Stage theories focus too much on individual case studies and not on universals

What are young adults who return to their parents homes to live sometimes called?

boomerang kids, B2B (back-to-bedroom) kids

The Mills College Study distinguished which of the following main groups among the Mills College women?

career-oriented women, family-oriented women, and women without children who pursued low-level work

Research indicates that personality ... throughout adulthood, but there is greater ... in personality during middle adulthood.

changes; stability

Which of the following are some of the main reasons middle-aged and older women gave for initiating a divorce?

cheating, alcohol, verbal, physical, or emotional abuse

In an AARP survey of 40 to 79 year olds who were divorced at least once in their 40s, 50s, or 60s, which of the following was the MAIN reason they stayed married as long as they did before divorcing?

children

Historical contexts are known as ... effects.

cohort

According to the Mills College Study, what helped women control their impulses, develop interpersonal skills, become independent, and work hard to achieve goals in middle age?

commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both

Which of the following is the most frequently reported daily hassle in middle age?

concerns about weight

According to a recent meta-analysis of stability and change, which of the following big 5 factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?

conscientiousness

Friendships that begin in childhood and remain into adulthood are often ... than those that begin in middle adulthood.

deeper

Grandparents who are full-time caregivers for grandchildren are at elevated risk for all of the following, except ...

dementia

According to Helson's Mills College Study, adult women experienced a ...

midlife consciousness

Compared to grandfathers, grandmothers have ... contact with grandchildren.

more

Some studies suggest that the role demands between work and family are ...

more intense for women than for men

Grandparents over the age of 65 were ... grandparents younger than 65 to interact with their grandchildren in a formal style.

more likely than

Recent studies revealed that middle-aged adults were ... their counterparts in late adulthood to view their relationships with indifference or ambivalence.

more likely than

Which of the following is NOT a common reason that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role for their grandchildren?

personal preference

The Baltimore Study by Costa and McCrae assessed ... in adulthood.

personality

Which of the following characteristics is not necessarily reflective of relationships in middle adulthood?

physical attraction

The term "..." generation refers to a situation in which the middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents.

pivot

Jane is in middle adulthood and feels she is more social than she was in her past. Research indicated this would be an example of the ... changes in personality traits across adulthood.

positive

Which of the following is the most frequently reported daily uplift in middle age?

relating well with a spouse or lover

Which of the following are criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a man's life?

respondents may have distorted memories or forget parts of their past, the original Levinson data included no females, and Levinson's work included no statistical analysis.

In what ways does immigration increases intergenerational stresses on Mexican families?

separation of immediate and extended family members, relocation to a new community without a social network, and discrepancies between acculturation levels within the family

Married men were more likely to be involved with which family group?

wives' kin

Which of the following groups experiences the highest rate of daily stressors as opposed to "overload" stressors?

young adults

Romantic love is stronger in ... adulthood, whereas ... love increases in middle adulthood.

young; affectionate

The big five factors of personality can be condensed into the acronym OCEAN. it concludes all of the following personality factors:

1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Agreeableness 4. Neuroticism

Which two theorists conducted the Baltimore Study using a five-factor personality test?

1. Paul Costa 2. Robert mccrae

According to Levinson, what are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood?

1. exploring the possibilities for adult living 2. developing a stable life structure

What are the three major contexts that influence development in middle adulthood?

1. gender 2. culture 3. historical

According to Levinson, what is not a major conflict that an adult male must come to terms with during the transition to middle adulthood?

Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands.

Which of the following people would MOST likely experience the greatest degree of stress based on what we understand of the social clock?

Carol, a 40 yer old female who has a family and is going to college for the first time.

Who among the following groups of adult children are most likely to provide social support for their older parents?

Children who were given more financial support by parents earlier in their lives; children who spent more time in shared activities with their parents

In a recent study of part-time grandparent caregivers, ... effects were found.

few negative

Which of the following statements about divorce in middle adulthood is FALSE?

Divorce is more positive in every respect for adults in middle adulthood than for those in early adulthood

Two prominent theories that define stages of adult development in midlife are ...'s stage of generatively versus stagnation and ...'s seasons of a man's life.

Erikson's; Levinson's

Who conducted the "Grant Study," which involved Harvard University men in their early 30s and their late 40s who had initially been interviewed as undergraduates?

George Vaillant

Which of the following is one of the three longitudinal studies conducted by George Vaillant?

Grant Study

Which of the following statements regarding the stresses experienced by young adults versus those experienced by middle-aged adults is TRUE?

Middle-aged adults were more likely to experience "overload" stressors that involved juggling too many activities at once.

The ... profiled 132 women in the late 1950s to assess adult personality development.

Mills College Study

Which research project studied more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life?

The Berkeley Longitudinal Studies

Which of the following views states that middle-aged adults interpret, shape, alter, and give meaning to their lives?

The individual variations view

Which of the following about grandparenting and longevity is false?

The number of adult children with living grandparents is expected to plateau in the next 20 years.

What does recent studies suggest about middle-aged parents?

They are more likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents.

Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?

Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without the social support and coping strategies.

According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?

When they believe they have done nothing for the next generation

George Vaillant asserted that ... experience a midlife crisis.

a minority of people

The majority of single-grandmothers raising their grandchildren are ...

african american

According to a recent meta-analysis of stability and change, the personality trait of conscientiousness showed a ... from early adulthood to late adulthood.

continuous increase

George Vaillant used data collected from individuals when they were 50 to predict whether they would end up in which of the following categories?

dead, happy-well, or sad-sick

The finding of a recent study on divorce and relationships with grandparents revealed that when children's relationships with their father deteriorated after a divorce, their relationships with their paternal grandparents were ...

distant, negative, or nonexistent

Parents who live vicariously through their children and who report a decline in marital satisfaction when their children leave the home are experiencing ...

empty nest syndrome

Which of the following is not a daily uplift reported by middle-age adults?

entertainment

Seasons of a Man's Life by Daniel Levinson was based upon the results of ...

extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men

A limitation of the contemporary life-events approach is that it ...

fails to address daily experiences that may also be a source of stress

Which of the following responses was the MOST common reason men cited for initiating a divorce?

falling out of love

Which grandparenting style is associated with the avoidance of giving parenting advice?

formal

The three main styles of grandparenting are fun-seeking, ... and ...

formal; distant

In which area are parents and adult children LEAST similar?

gender roles

According to Erikson, ... occurs in middle adulthood and encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves.

generativity

When adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward ...

generativity

parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can develop ...

generativity

Which of the following is not a life characteristic reported by women in their fifties as opposed to women in other age periods?

greater self-doubt

According to Vaillant, which of the following characteristics at the age of 50 was not predictive of being in the "happy-well" category at 75 to 80 years of age?

having wealth and income

The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following:

intellectual orientation, self confidence, and openness to new experiences

Which of the following is not a style of grandparenting described by researchers?

intermittent

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding concepts of middle age across cultures?

it is common in non industrialized societies to describe individuals as young or old but not as middle-aged.

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of the contemporary life-events approach?

major life events have not been statistically proven to have an impact on development.

parents and their children are ... similar in areas of politics and religion and ... similar in gender roles and work orientation.

more; less

in middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes the quality of ...

mutual emotional interest, security, loyalty

Middle-aged adults can develop generatively in all of the following ways, except ...

narcissistic generativity

On average, a sense of personal control ... in midlife and then ...

peaks; declines

According to Neugarten, the ... ... is the timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks.

social clock

When women face stress, they are more likely to engage in a ... and ... pattern, seeking out social connections.

tend-and-befriend

Olivia is a 19 year-old college student who hopes to be a physician's assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this ...

the dream

The contemporary life-events approach takes into account all of the following, except ...

the stability of one's personality over time

T/F: As divorce and remarriage have become common, most states have passed laws giving grandparents the right to petition a court for visitation privileges with their grandchildren, even if a parent objects.

true

T/F: in the individual variations view middle-age adults are seen as taking an active role in understanding, changing, and giving mean to their lives.

true

T/F: is it rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood?

true