chapter 16 nervous system: senses

when light stimulates the photoreceptors the ___ cells become depolarized and release the neurotransmitter_____.

-bipolar cells -neurotransmitter glutamate

the black hole in the eye is called the BLANK and it is surrounded by the colorful BLANK

-black hole in the eye: pupil -surrounded by the colorful: iris

vestibular nerve axons either project first to which of the following?

-cerebellum -medulla oblongata

the auditory sensory axons of the ____ branch of cranial nerve number ____ terminate in the _____ nucleus within the brainstem.

-cochlear -8 -cochlear

which events occur during bright light adaptation

-cones gradually adjust -pupils constrict -rods become inactive

A BLANK shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a BLANK shaped lens is used to treat myopia

-convex shaped lens treat hyperopia -concave shaped lens treat myopia

which are a part of the fibrous tunic

-cornea -sciera

nerve signals arriving at the superior olivary nucleus are involved in which functions

-decreasing the vibration of the sound -turning our head toward the sound -localizing the sound

which are correct names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

-eustachian tube -pharyngotympanic tube -auditory tube

when the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the BLANK cells propagate a nerve signal along the BLANK nerve

-ganglion cells -optic nerve

which are functions of the inner ear

-hearing -balance

Which causes conjunctivitis

-infectious agents -irritants

the sciera BLANK

-is made of dense connective tissue -provides for eye shape

which are true of conjunctive

-it is vascular -it does not cover the cornea -it contains goblet cells

optic tracts extend to which structures after they leave the optic chiasm

-lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus -superior colliculi

a detached retina is caused by a separation between which two layers

-pigmented layer of the retina -neural layer of the retina

the cis-retinal, in the processor regeneration, is transported back to the BLANK where it associated with the opsin and reforms the BLANK

-rod -rhodopsin

which structures are part of the vestibular complex

-saccule -semicircular ducts -utricle

the cochlea has three fluid-filled ducts. Which are the names of these ducts

-scala tympani -cochlear duct -scala vestibull

what are the functions of the auditory ossicles

-transmit sounds waves to inner ear -amplify sound

Place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior

1. Iris 2. Ciliary body 3. Choroid

place the auditory ossicles in the order that they occur from lateral to medial

1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes

Place the structures of the eye in order from superficial to deep. Start with the outermost structure first

1. choroid 2. photoreceptors 3. horizontal cells 4. bipolar cells

at the optic chiasm, BLANK of the axons from each optic nerve cross to the opposite side of the brain

SOME

the tympanic cavity is filled with BLANK

air

refraction of light for vision is greatest as light rays pass from BLANK into the BLANK because the difference in their refractive index is maximal

air into the cornea

What chamber is between the iris and cornea?

anterior chamber

both the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity contain BLANK humor

aqueous

sound waves are funneled into the ear by the BLANK

auricle

the most visible part of the external ear is called the BLANK or BLANK

auricle or pinna

the spiral organ rests on the BLANK

basilar membrane

in the light, BLANK cells are no longer inhibited and therefore release the neurotransmitter glutamate

bipolar cells

earwax is a combination of dead skin cells and BLANK

cerumen

otitis media is more common in children or adults

children

what is the largest structure of the vascular tunic

choroid

prior to being stimulated by light, the retinal portion of rhodopsin is in a bent twisted shape called BLANK

cis-retinal

what type of photoreceptors detect color

cones

Pink eye is also called BLANK

conjunctivitis

when light hits the eye, the pupil BLANK in bright light or BLANK in dim light

contracts in bright light or dilates in dim light

the limbus is the junction between the sciera and the BLANK

cornea

when hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted, they initiate a nerve signal in cranial nerve BLANK

cranial nerve 8

the optic disc is associated with BLANK

cranial nerve II

what is the name of the elevated region of the ampulla of the semicircular canal

crista ampullaris

when you go from a bright light environment to a dark environment, you have a slow sensitivity to low light levels. This is called BLANK

dark adaptation

when elevated levels of cGMP are present, Na+ channels in the photoreceptor membrane are kept open and Na+ enters the photoreceptor. This is called the BLANK

dark current

the auricle directs sound waves into the bony tube called the BLANK meatus

external acoustic meatus

Define hyperopia

farsightedness

which may result in symptoms such as reduced field of vision, dim vision and/or halos around lights

glaucoma

sensory receptors in the utricle detect the position of the BLANK

head

the term equilibrium refers to our awareness and monitoring our BLANK position

head position

endolymph has a high or low potassium concentration

high

rods are essentially nonfunctional in bright light because BLANK

in bright light, rhodopsin will bleach as fast as it is reformed

some of the axons from the cochlea project directly to the BLANK colliculus of the midbrain

inferior colliculus

Where is the cochlea located?

inner ear

cataracts are a disorder of the BLANK

lens

presbyopia occurs when the BLANK loses elasticity

lens

The suspensory ligaments connect the BLANK capsule to the ciliary muscles

lens capsule

lacrimal fluid prevents bacterial infection because it contains an antibacterial enzyme called BLANK

lysozyme

the lacrimal caruncle is on the BLANK side of the eye

medial side

define myopia

nearsightedness

Define emmetropia:

normal vision

the fat surrounding the eye is called BLANK fat

orbital fat

the BLANK segment of each photoreceptor is composed of hundreds of discs containing photopigments that are capable of absorbing light energy

outer segment

the eyelids are also called BLANK

palpebrae

the portion of the conjunctiva on the inside of the eyelid is called the BLANK

palpebral conjuctiva

the sphincter pupillae is controlled by the BLANK division of the nervous system

parasympathetic division of the nervous system

the external ear is located mostly on the outside of the body, while the middle and inner ear areas are housed within the BLANK part of the temporal bone

petrous part of the temporal bone

in phototransduction, the BLANK responds to light stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the neurotransmitter it releases

photoreceptor

the apparent distortion of the spoon in the water glass is due to the phenomenon called BLANK

refraction

the ora errata extends anteriorly from the BLANK

retina

the dissociation of BLANK into its two components is called the bleaching reaction

rhodopsin

the lens is BLANK when we are viewing close-up objects

rounded

Aqueous humor is secreted into the BLANK chamber before traveling to the BLANK chamber of the eye

secreted into posterior chamber before traveling to the anterior chamber of the eye

When a figure skater does a lengthy spin on ice, it is the sensory receptors in her _________ _________ of the inner ear that are informing her brain about the position of her moving head

semicircular canals

which auditory ossicle contracts the oval window

stapes

axons from theistic tract project to the BLANK colliculi

superior colliculi

in hearing, secondary neurons can go one of two pathways; they can go directly to the inferior colliculus or go to the BLANK nucleus before they go to the inferior colliculus

superior olivary nucleus

the BLANK ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lens

suspensory ligaments

what lobe of the brain processes auditory information

temporal lobe

the conjunctiva is BLANK

vascular

the roof of the cochlear duct is formed by the BLANK membrane

vestibular membrane

hearing and our sense of balance comes from the stimulation of which cranial nerve

vestibulocochlear cranial nerve

the posterior cavity contains the BLANK humor

vitreous humor

the vitreous body is also called the vitreous BLANK

vitreous humor

what color is the macula lutea

yellow

each macula of the utricle and saccule is composed of which structures

-hair cells -supporting cells

Place the layers of the eye in order from superficial to deep

1. fibrous tunic 2. vascular tunic 3. Retina

Place the structures of CN II in order from anterior to posterior

1. optic nerve 2. optic chiasm 3. optic tract

order these structures form superficial to deep

1. sciera 2. choroid 3. pigmented layer of retina 4. neural layer of retina

place the three regions of the ear in order from lateral to medial

1.external ear 2.Middle ear 3.Inner ear

order these structures in the order that tears travel through them

1.lacrimal puncta 2. Lacrimal canaliculus 3. lacrimal sac 4. nasolacrimal duct

the BLANK segment of each photoreceptor contains organelles for the cell such as mitochondria

inner segment

the BLANK controls the size or diameter of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye

iris

where are tears created

lacrimal apparatus

As tears drain, through the lacrimal caruncle, they enter small holes called the lacrimal BLANK

lacrimal puncta

the utricle and saccule are involved in functions involving position of the head..?

-linear acceleration -static equilibrium

the regenerate of BLANK, in cones occur much more quickly than the regeneration of BLANK in rods; therefore, cone cells arrant as negatively affected by bright light as rods

-photopsin -rhodopsin

which are muscles located in the middle ear

-tensor tympani -stapedius

which are true of rods

-there are more than 100 million rod cells per eye -they function well in dim light