Chapter 16: Plant Names and Classification

Carolus Linnaeus

A Swedish naturalist credited with developing the Binomial System of Nomenclature. He published the Species Plantarum, a two-volume worked that named and classified plants into 24 classes based on the number of stamens they possessed. -International Botanical Congress -Charles Darwin -Theophrastus -Carolus Linnaeus -Herbalists

Herbalists

A group of individuals who enhanced the original classification system so that fruit and flower structure, as well as form and habit were considered. They named species with Latin polynomials. -Herbalists -Charles Darwin -Carolus Linnaeus -International Botanical Congress -Theophrastus

Interbreeding species concept

A population of interbreeding, reproductively isolated individuals is considered a species -Eclectic species concept -Ecological species concept -Morphological species concept -Interbreeding species concept -Nominalistic species concept -Phylogenetic species concept

Theophrastus

A student of Plato who classified a small group of plants as either trees, shrubs or herbs. He distinguished plant species based on their leaf characteristics. -Charles Darwin -Herbalists -Theophrastus -International Botanical Congress -Carolus Linnaeus

Multiple common names per species

Caucus carota (Apiaceae - Carrot Family) is commonly called wild carrot, Queen Anne's lace, bird's-nest and devils plague. -Multiple common names per species -Un-related species have overlapping common names -Related species have overlapping common names -Regional differences in common names

In-related species have overlapping common names

Dicentra cucullaria (Fumariacaae - Fumitory Family) and Aconitum species (Ranunculacaae - Buttercup Family) are both commonly called monkshood.. -Multiple common names per species -Un-related species have overlapping common names -Related species have overlapping common names -Regional differences in common names

Related species have overlapping common names

Dicentra cucullaria and Dicentra canadensis are both called collicweed and little blue stagger. -Multiple common names per species -Un-related species have overlapping common names -Related species have overlapping common names -Regional differences in common names

Works of Linnaeus should be used as the starting point for all scientific names of plants

In 1867, when about 150 botanists met in Paris and agreed on some rules pertaining to plants, one of their basic rules was -All plant should be given an English name, in addition to a Latin name. -Linnaeus' Latin phrase names should be the official names of plants -Works of Linnaeus should be used as the starting point for all scientific names of plants -All plants should be classified in kingdoms -All plants should have named varieties

Specific epithet

In Latin binomials (i.e., scientific names of organisms), the second part of each name is referred to as the -Author -Specific epithet -Genus -Family -Species

Size of the organisms

In Whittaker's five-kingdom classification, which of the following is NOT used as a basis for distinguishing among kingdoms? -Autotrophic nutrition (i. e., food obtained directly through photosynthesis) -Absorption of food in solution -Ingestion of solid food -Prokaryotic cells -Size of the organisms

Hogg and Haeckel

In the past, all organisms were classified in two kingdoms. Who proposed a three-kingdom system in the 1860s? -Hogg and Haeckel -Tertius Kingston -H. F. Copeland -Linnaeus -Theophrastus

Monocots and dicots

In the thirteenth century A.D., features of stem structure were used to recognized the following two groups: _____. -Monocots and dicots -Ferns and conifers -Conifers and flowering plants -Mosses and conifers -All of these answers are correct

Eighteenth

In which century was Linnaeus' Species Plantarum published? -Fourteenth -Seventeenth -Eighteenth -Sixteenth -Nineteenth

Ecological species concept

Individuals that occupy a unique ecological niche are considered a species -Eclectic species concept -Ecological species concept -Morphological species concept -Interbreeding species concept -Nominalistic species concept -Phylogenetic species concept

Morphological species concept

Individuals that share a suite of physical (growth form) characteristics are considered a species. -Eclectic species concept -Ecological species concept -Morphological species concept -Interbreeding species concept -Nominalistic species concept -Phylogenetic species concept

Eclectic species concept

Individuals that share an assortment of morphological, geographical, biological, and ecological features are considered a species -Eclectic species concept -Ecological species concept -Morphological species concept -Interbreeding species concept -Nominalistic species concept -Phylogenetic species concept

Phylogenetic species concept

Individuals with a common evolutionary background are grouped together as a species. -Eclectic species concept -Ecological species concept -Morphological species concept -Interbreeding species concept -Nominalistic species concept -Phylogenetic species concept

Dichotomous

Keys constructed by taxonomists to aid in identification of organisms are usually -Based on cell shapes -Not very useful -Dichotomous -Very detailed -Arranged according to the size of the organism

Classes

Linnaeus organized all known plants into 24 -Families -Classes -Genera -Divisions -Orders

Stamens

Linnaeus' classes were based primarily on -Stems -Petals -Stamens -Leaves -Roots

International Botanical Congress

Meeting first held to standardize the rules for naming and classifying plant species. Meetings are currently held every six years to amend the International Codes of botanical Nomenclature as needed. -Carolus Linnaeus -Theophrastus -Charles Darwin -Herbalists -International Botanical Congress

Regional differences in common names

Plantago major (Plantaginacaae - Plantain Family) is commonly called broad-leaved plantain, but is also known by 45 other English names, 11 French names, 75 Dutch names, 106 German names and many others. -Multiple common names per species -Un-related species have overlapping common names -Related species have overlapping common names -Regional differences in common names

Binomial system of nomenclature

Scientific names consist of two parts and the method of naming is known as _____. -Vernacular system of naming -Polynomial system of naming -Phrase system of naming -Binomial system of nomenclature -None of the above

Taxonomists

Scientists who specialized in identifying, naming and classifying organisms are called _____. -Botanists -Morphologists -Taxonomists -Plant reproductive biologists -Ecologists

Nominalistic species concept

Species do not exist; rather, local interbreeding populations should be the highest level of classification recognized -Eclectic species concept -Ecological species concept -Morphological species concept -Interbreeding species concept -Nominalistic species concept -Phylogenetic species concept

A book of rules, written in several languages, for naming and classifying plants

The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is -A list of code names for all known plants -A list of international symbols for various plants -A book of rules, written in several languages, for naming and classifying plants -A book written in Latin that gives the meaning of plant names -A detailed list of plant importation requirements for the countries of the world

Evolutionary similarities and unique features of related groups of organisms

The cladistic species concept is based on _____. -Evolutionary similarities and unique features of related groups of organisms -The understanding that no single factor can be used to identify species -Examining the geographic distribution of living species -Tracing a living group to a fossil species -Ability of plant species to interbreed and form hybrids

Theophrastus

The first person(s) of note to attempt to organize and classify plants was/were -Plato -Aristotle -Theophrastus -Hogg and Haeckel -Linnaeus

All of these are currently in use by some segment of the taxonomic community

The foundation of any classification system is the species level. Which of the following is accepted as a way of classifying species? -Species are based on structural and morphological features of the plant body -Species is a population capable of interbreeding within the population, and reproductively isolated from other groups -Species are based on phylogenetic history; individuals with a common evolutionary background are species -Species are groups of related individuals that occupy unique ecological niches -All of these are currently in use by some segment of the taxonomic community

Domain

The kingdom-level classification system is now preceded by the _____ category, which is based on evolutionary and biochemical characteristics of all living organisms -Family -Division -Domain -Order -Genus

False

True or False: A dichotomous key is a twofold description of a kingdom

True

True or False: A species name consists of a genus name and a specific epithet name.

True

True or False: A specific epithet is the second part of a Latin binomial (scientific name) of an organism.

False

True or False: All organisms with prokaryotic cells are assigned to Kingdom Fungi

True

True or False: In the hierarchy of classification, a Class is higher in rank than an Order.

True

True or False: Latin phrase names were in use before Linnaeus assigned the generic (genus) name as the first word of a binomial.

True

True or False: Naming of a newly discovered species is done according to the Binomial System of Nomenclature

True

True or False: Similar families of plants are grouped into orders

False

True or False: Slime molds are typical examples of the Kingdom Protoctista (later named Kingdom Protista)

False

True or False: Species is the lowest rank of classification used today for any living organism

False

True or False: The earliest development of the kingdom concept divided all organisms into three kingdoms, animals, plants, and fungi.

True

True or False: The science of classifying and naming organisms is called systematics

False

True or False: The singular of species is specie

True

True or False: Whittaker's system of classification is based partly on three basic forms of nutrition.

All of the above drive changes in classification systems

Which of the following factors lead to changes at the kingdom and domain level of classification? -New tools such as microscopes that allow scientists to see more structural and morphological detail -Techniques in molecular biology that allow scientists to compare genetic characteristics -Discovery of different physiology and behaviors of species -Changes in the way data obtained from various sources is analyzed -All of the above drive changes in classification systems

Species

Which of the following signifies the classification rank of the scientific name Allium cepa? -Genus -Division -Order -Family -Species

Nterbreeding species concept

Which of the following species concepts is not very useful in defining plant species because some plant groups readily hybridize with other plant groups? -Ecological species concept -Interbreeding species concept -Phylogenetic species concept -Morphological species concept -Ecological species concept