Chapter 17

Select the three embryonic germ layers present in all animals with true tissues except jellyfishes and their relatives.

- endoderm - mesoderm - ectoderm

Select all of the following organs or organ systems that are present in arthropods.

-Brain -Respiratory System -Open Circulatory System -Eyes and other Sensory Structures

Select all the unique features present in birds that are adapted to flight.

-Hollow bones -Tapered shape of their body -Feathers and wings -Powerful heart -Unique lungs to supply oxygen

Select all of the following that are true about the evolution of the genus Homo.

-Homo sapiens is the only remaining species. -Scientists speculate that H. sapiens may have interbred with H. neanderthalensis. -Several species of hominin lived in Africa at the same time.

Select all of the following that are characteristic of animals.

-cells bind to extracellular matrix -multicellular -blastula stage in development -heterotrophic

Match the name of the animal on the left with its particular type of symmetry on the right. 1. sponges 2. jellyfish 3. crayfish

1. asymmetrical 2. radial symmetry 3. bilateral symmetry

Match each broad animal group to its correct description. 1.Deuterostomes 2.Ecdysozoa 3.Lophotrochozoa

1. bilateral symmetry; mouth arises from second opening in embryo 2. bilateral symmetry, protostomes, grow by periodic molting 3. bilateral symmetry, protostomes, have characteristic larvae and DNA sequences

Match each mammal group with its correct description of development. 1. monotremes 2. marsupials 3. placental

1. lay eggs; after hatching from eggs, young drink from a milk-secreting pore on the female 2. live-bearing, but newborn young are tiny and very immature and crawl into a pouch, where they suckle milk and continue developing 3. live-bearing; young develop inside uterus of female and are nourished by a placenta

Match the name of the mollusk class on the left with its description on the right. 1. chitons 2. gastropods 3. gastropods 4. cephalopods

1. marine animals with 8 flat shells that overlap 2. snails and slugs 3. have a two-part, hinged shell; scallops and clams 4. squids and octopuses

Match the type of symmetry on the left with its definition on the right. 1. asymmetrical 2. radial 3. bilateral

1. no symmetry present 2. parts arranged around a central axis 3. only one plane divides the animal into mirror images

The species Homo sapiens had migrated out of Africa and colonized Europe, Asia, and Australia by about ______ years ago.

40,000

The first animals arose on Earth approximately ______ years ago.

570 million

The phylum of segmented worms is called ______, and includes earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes (marine segmented worms).

Annelida

Species of the hominin genus ______ existed from about 4.5 to 2 million years ago.

Australopithecus

Lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are members of the phylum

Chordata.

What animal group contains 60,000 species, most of which are vertebrates?

Chordates

What group of animals has tissues, radial symmetry, and two germ layers during embryonic development?

Cnidarians

Fossils of the genus ______ are associated with stone tools and have larger brains and bodies than australopiths.

Homo

Select all the species that are considered "recent Homo."

Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

Of the following species of the genus Homo, which one is still alive?

Homo sapiens

Select all the ways in which humans could be considered the dominant species on Earth.

Humans have colonized most continents. Humans have altered the Earth's surface. Humans have changed other species to fit their needs.

What body region secretes a shell in many mollusk species?

Mantle

Cylindrical, unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom are classified into the phylum

Nematoda.

What is the difference between Old World monkeys and New World monkeys?

Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia, and New World monkeys are from South and Central America.

Monkeys that live in Africa and Asia are called _________World monkeys, and monkeys that live in South and Central America are called _________World monkeys.

Old; New

Flatworms, tapeworms, and flukes belong to the phylum

Platyhelminthes.

______ were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce completely on dry land, and they evolve from ______ about 300 million years ago.

Reptiles; amphibians

Select all of the following that are true about lizards and snakes.

Snakes lack legs. They periodically shed their skin. Lizards usually have legs.

Select all the correct statements about sponges.

Sponges lack true tissues and organs. Sponges are in the phylum Porifera.

What is an adaptation for flight in birds?

Wings with feathers

An incomplete digestive tract has ______, while a complete digestive tract has ______.

a single opening; one-way passage of food

Mammals, birds, and reptiles are

amniotes.

Select all the aspects of reptile reproduction that are adapted to dry conditions.

amniotic egg internal fertilization

Select all the characteristics that allow reptiles to successfully live and reproduce on land.

amniotic eggs improved lungs and circulatory capacity kidneys that only excrete small amounts of water tough, scaly skin

Vertebrate animals that can live on land but also have characteristics that tie them to fresh water are known as

amphibians.

What type of animal is segmented and has protostome development?

annelid

Earthworms and leeches are one group of ______, while another group is the marine, segmented worms called polychaetes.

annelids

What type of animals are segmented?

annelids

Select the three main groups that belong to the primate lineage.

apes prosimians monkeys

Sponges live in ______ habitats and belong to the phylum ______, which means "pore-bearing."

aquatic; Porifera

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites are types of arthropods called

arachnids.

Select all the characteristics of recent Homo.

arose from early Homo around 500,000 years ago lighter brow ridges associated with culture and tools

The most successful group of animals, the ______, have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton.

arthropods

Select all of the following that are true about all species of the genus Homo.

associated with stone tools larger brains than australopiths considered human

n chordates called vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by the ______ during development.

backbone

Fossils of Australopithecus indicate that these hominins moved by

bipedal locomotion.

Being able to carry objects and use tools may have been advantages of ______ for early hominins living in the open plains.

bipedalism

Humans have a bowl-shaped pelvis, fixed big toes, and robust lumbar vertebrae, all skeleton adaptations for what type of locomotion?

bipedalism

What amniote group is now included among the reptiles?

birds

__________have feathers and are endothermic.

birds

______have feathers and are endothermic.

birds

Radial and bilateral are two terms used to describe the ______ of an animal.

body symmetry

The ______ are the most numerous of all fishes.

bony fishes

Select all the respiratory organs that are present in different types of arthropods.

book lungs gills tracheae

Select all of the skeletal adaptations present in humans that allow locomotion by bipedalism.

bowl-shaped pelvis big toe not opposable long, strong leg bones

Select all the characteristics that describe crocodilians.

carnivores parental care live near water

Sharks, skates, and rays are jawed fishes with skeletons composed of

cartilage.

Select the two main groups of jawed fishes.

cartilaginous fishes bony fishes

Select all of the correct statements about aquatic vertebrates called fishes.

cartilaginous or bony skeleton have jaws use gills for respiration

Select all the characteristics of myriapods.

centipedes have one pair of appendages per segment one pair of antennae head and many repeated segments mandibles

The tendency to concentrate sensory organs and a brain at the head end of an animal is called

cephalization.

Grasping, clawlike mouthparts of spiders and scorpions are called

chelicerae

What group of arthropods includes members that have clawlike mouthparts, two major body regions, the abdomen and a fused head and thorax, and four or more pairs of walking legs?

chelicerates

Select the main groups of arthropods.

chelicerates trilobites mandibulates

Ticks, spiders, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs are all in a group of arthropods called the

chelicerates.

Three subphyla of arthropods have mandibles, which are

chewing, jawlike mouthparts.

Select all of the following included in the lineage of primates known as hominoids.

chimpanzees gibbons gorillas orangutans humans

The first animals likely arose from aquatic protists called ______ about 570 million years ago.

choanoflagellates

A notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a postanal tail are features that are found at some point during the lives of animals called

chordates.

Select all the membranes found in an amniotic egg.

chorion allantois amnion

Select all the characteristics of earthworms.

closed circulatory system ingest soil and eliminate indigestible particles lack a respiratory system

Animals called ______ have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and a body composed of a layer of ectoderm and a layer of endoderm.

cnidarians

Mostly marine animals with radial symmetry, two germ layers, and stinging cells are called ______, which include jellyfishes, hydras, corals, and sea anemones.

cnidarians

Stinging cells embedded into the tentacles of cnidarians that contain tiny harpoons are called

cnidocytes.

Select all the types of fishes that are lobe-finned fishes.

coelacanths lungfishes

A(n) ______ is a fluid-filled cavity that forms completely within the mesoderm during embryonic development in some animals with true tissues.

coelom

Select all of the following structures that are present in annelids.

coelom excretory system hydrostatic skeleton

Flexibility in movement of the body is a chief advantage to having a type of body cavity called a

coelom.

A mouth and an anus are characteristic of a(n) ______ digestive system.

complete

What type of digestive tract does a mollusk have?

complete

A(n) ______ digestive tract has two openings, a mouth, and an anus, whereas a(n) ______ digestive tract has a single opening.

complete; incomplete

Select all the examples of mandibulates.

crabs lobsters millipedes centipedes insects

A bony or cartilage-rich ______ surrounds and protects the brain in most chordates.

cranium

Nonavian reptiles that live in or near water and have an elongated snout, heavy scales, and behaviors in common with birds are called

crocodiles and alligators.

Mandibulates that have two pairs of antennae and that are mostly aquatic organisms are called

crustaceans.

One advantage of having a coelom is ______.

cushioning during movement

In animals, a complete ______ tract has two openings, one at the beginning called the mouth and one at the end called the ______.

digestive; anus

Based on the presence or absence of tissues, animals that are the simplest ______ tissues, while more complex animals ______ tissues.

do not have; have

Select the four distinguishing features that all chordates have at some time during their lives.

dorsal, hollow nerve cord pharyngeal pouches or slits notochord postanal tail

Animals with deuterostome development, bilateral symmetry as larvae, and five-part radial symmetry as adults are called

echinoderms.

While the body temperature of an ______ tends to fluctuate with the environment, the temperature of an ______ is maintained using heat generated from its own metabolism.

ectotherm; endotherm

What characteristic is present in birds but absent in nonavian reptiles?

endothermy

Endothermy requires an enormous amount of ______, which explains why birds and mammals must eat so much more food than ectotherms.

energy

Lungs present in some vertebrates allow

exchange of gases with air.

Select all the characteristics of annelids called leeches.

feed on blood or small prey open circulatory system exchange gases by diffusion through the body wall

In which group of vertebrates did jaws and a bony vertebral column arise?

fishes

Select all the chordates, members of Phylum Chordata.

fishes lancelets amphibians tunicates reptiles

Chordates that have jaws, vertebrae, gills, and fins are called

fishes.

Protostomes that have bilateral symmetry and three embryonic germ layers, but that do not possess a coelom or pseudocoelom, are called

flatworms.

Insects were the first animals to

fly.

The family tree of hominins has been constructed mostly based on

fossil features.

Select all the characteristics that arachnids and horseshoe crabs have in common.

four or more pairs of walking legs chelicerae fused head and thorax

Select the three main classes of worms in phylum Platyhelminthes.

free-living flatworms flukes tapeworms

Marine flatworms and planarians are ______ in mostly aquatic environments, while tapeworms and flukes are ______, living within a host animal.

free-living; parasitic

Scientists examining evolutionary relationships of prehistoric humans have most often used comparisons of

freed hands to use tools increased ability to carry objects

Select all the advantages that may have led to the evolution of bipedalism in early hominins living on African savannas.

freed hands to use tools increased ability to carry objects

Select all of the following that are classes of mollusks.

gastropods cephalopods bivalves chitons

Incomplete digestive tracts have one opening. Digestion occurs in a ______.

gastrovascular cavity

In animals with incomplete digestive tracts, digestion is done in the ______ cavity, which has ______ opening(s).

gastrovascular; one

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm are the three primary

germ layers in many animal embryos.

Select all of the characteristics shared by hagfishes and lampreys.

gills jawless head with sensory structures cranium

Select all the characteristics shared by primates.

grasping hands with opposable thumbs eyes set in the front of the skull fingers and toes with flat nails large brains relative to body size

Select all of the following that have gills and a cranium but lack jaws.

hagfishes lampreys

All animals are multicellular,

heterotrophic, and eukaryotic.

Select all of the anatomical features of bony fishes.

hinged gill coverings skeleton made of bone typically have a swim bladder lateral line

Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans all belong to the lineage of primates called the

hominoids.

Although not the most numerous species, ______ can be considered the current dominant species on Earth due to colonization and alteration of Earth.

humans

Arthropods that have mandibles, six legs, one pair of antennae, three body regions, and sometimes two pairs of wings are called

insects

The first animals to develop flight were the

insects.

Many vertebrates have bones that frame the entrance to the mouth called ______, which developed from skeletal elements that supported gill slits near the mouth of fish.

jaws

What feature in many vertebrates expanded feeding modes and is often attached to teeth or a beak?

jaws

Select all the characteristics of cartilaginous fishes.

jaws skeleton made of cartilage lateral line organ gills

Select all the features present in arthropods.

jointed appendages exoskeleton that must be shed segmentation

Some types of primates have skeletal adaptations for ______, which is running along the ground with the weight resting on the knuckles.

knuckle-walking

Monotremes are mammals that ______, while marsupials and placental mammals ______.

lay eggs; are live-bearing

What fishes have fleshy fins and are the most closely related fish to the tetrapods?

lobe-finned fishes

Select all of the skeletal adaptations in a primate fossil that might indicate locomotion by knuckle-walking.

longer arms than legs foramen magnum opening at the back of the skull

What respiratory organ of terrestrial vertebrates is homologous with swim bladders of bony fishes?

lungs

The _______ are a group of vertebrates that have milk-secreting glands and keratin-rich structures that conserve body heat.

mammals

The vertebrate group called ______ includes horses, wolves, cats, humans, cows, mice, deer, pigs, and bats.

mammals

Monotremes, which lay eggs, and marsupials and placentals, which are live-bearing, are three types of vertebrates called

mammals.

Select all the features of mammals.

mammary glands hair

Chewing, jawlike mouthparts found in some arthropods are called

mandibles.

Millipedes and centipedes, insects, and crustaceans are three main groups of

mandibulates.

The___ is a fold of tissue that secretes a shell in most species of mollusks.

mantle

Cnidarians are organisms found mostly in ______ habitats.

marine

Select all of the following that are members of the phylum Platyhelminthes.

marine flatworms flukes tapeworms planarians

Of the three groups of mammals, which one carries the young in a pouch during development?

marsupials

The amnion, chorion, and allantois are the three ______ found inside an amniotic egg.

membranes

The coelom is a fluid-filled cavity that forms completely within the ______ during embryonic development of some bilaterally symmetrical animals.

mesoderm

Protostome animals called ______ include chitons, clams, scallops, snails, slugs, octopuses, and squids.

mollusks

A muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle are body regions common to all

mollusks.

In most protostomes, the first indentation of the gastrula develops into the ______ and the second opening becomes the ______, while in deuterostomes the ______ is the first opening and the ______ is the second.

mouth; anus; anus; mouth

Millipedes and centipedes are arthropods that belong to a group of mandibulates called

myriapods.

Lizards and snakes, turtles and tortoises, and crocodilians are the main groups of

nonavian reptiles.

What is a flexible rod that extends along the length of a chordate's back and that is replaced by the backbone in vertebrate development?

notochord

At some point in their life cycle, all chordates have a postanal tail, ______, hollow nerve cord, and ______.

notochord; pharyngeal slits or pouches

The amniotic egg was a key innovation in allowing embryonic development to occur

on land.

Select all of the following that are true about turtles.

originated in the Triassic period shell is integral part of skeleton both marine and freshwater species

What chordate feature plays a feeding role in invertebrate chordates but can develop into gills or a middle ear cavity in vertebrates?

pharyngeal pouches

Select all the features present in tunicates and lancelets at some point in their life.

pharyngeal slits dorsal nerve cord notochord

The most diverse group of mammals contains species that have a ______, which is a structure inside the mother's uterus that connects maternal and fetal circulatory systems.

placenta

In what group of mammals are young nourished by a structure that connects fetal and maternal circulatory systems inside the mother's uterus during development?

placentals

Select all of the following that are types of annelids.

polychaetes earthworms and leeches

Select all of the roles that mammals play in ecosystems and human populations.

predators source of milk source of leather and wool transmit diseases to humans

Grasping hands with opposable thumbs, fingers and toes with nails, eyes set in the front of the skull, and a large brain are all characteristics shared by

primates.

The primate lineage contains three groups: the ______ (lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers), the monkeys, and the ______ (including humans).

prosimians; apes

Select all of the following characteristics of the flatworms, phylum Platyhelminthes.

protostome development bilateral symmetry three germ layers

In bilaterally symmetrical animals, the mouth forms first in animals with ______ embryonic development, and the anus forms first in animals with ______ embryonic development.

protostome; deuterostome

A(n) ______ is a body cavity that is lined partly with mesoderm and partly with endoderm.

pseudocoelom

Select all of the characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata.

radial symmetry in adults internal plates bilateral symmetry in larvae deuterostome development

Select all of the following that are amniotes.

reptiles, including birds mammals

Nematodes in the phylum Nematoda are

roundworms.

Select all the chelicerate arthropods.

scorpions spiders ticks horseshoe crabs

Select all of the following that are members of phylum Cnidaria.

sea anemones corals hydras jellyfishes

The division of the animal body into repeated parts is called

segmentation.

The phylum Annelida is characterized by species that exhibit

segmentation.

Select all the features that arose in fish and had profound affects on vertebrate evolution.

segmented backbone robust fins that eventually evolved into limbs jaws

Bilateral symmetry is correlated with cephalization, the tendency of ______ to be concentrated at an animal's head end.

sensory organs and a brain

Select all of the following that are cartilaginous fish.

sharks rays skates

About 95% of nonavian reptile species are

snakes and lizards.

Select all the true statements about amphibians.

some have toxins in their skin some eat algae thin skins must be kept moist can control populations of insects

Select all the examples of arachnids.

spiders scorpions mites ticks

What animals have grasping mouthparts called chelicerae?

spiders and scorpions

The dorsal hollow nerve cord in many chordates develops into the

spinal cord and brain.

What is the only group of animals that has specialized cells but lacks true tissues?

sponges

The ____ are an animal group with some members that lack body symmetry.

sponges/porifera

Cnidocytes are

stinging cells in the tentacles of cnidarians that contain tiny harpoons.

The function of the cranium in chordates is to

surround and protect the brain.

Select the two functions of the vertebrae in vertebrates.

surround and protect the spinal cord provide attachment points for muscles

Select all of the following groups of reptiles that flourished during the Mesozoic era and became extinct around 65 million years ago.

terrestrial dinosaurs marine plesiosaurs marine ichthyosaurs flying pterosaurs

What region was last to be colonized by Homo sapiens about 20,000 years ago?

the Americas

Reproduction in reptiles, birds, and mammals is not tied to water due to the evolution of

the amniotic egg.

Select all the characteristics of insects.

three body sections six legs mandibles usually two pairs of wings

Select all the features of mollusks.

three germ layers terrestrial and aquatic species mantle

The five subphyla of arthropods include three subphyla of mandibulates, one subphylum of chelicerates, and one subphylum containing the 17,000 species of extinct

trilobites.

Select all of the following that are invertebrate chordates.

tunicates lancelets

Select all of the following that are considered nonavian reptiles.

turtles snakes lizards crocodiles

Select all of the following that are reptiles.

turtles and their relatives alligators and crocodiles snakes lizards

A shell fused to ribs and vertebrae is characteristic of what group of reptiles?

turtles and tortoises

Crustaceans have variable body forms, but all have

two pairs of antennae.

Protecting the spinal cord and providing attachments for muscles are the two functions of the

vertebrae.

Vertebrates are distinguished by the presence of a

vertebral column, or backbone.

In what type of chordate is the spinal cord surrounded by a backbone composed of cartilage or bone?

vertebrates

Select all the animals that have segmented bodies.

vertebrates insects earthworms

The two broad groups that animals have been divided into based on the presence or absence of a backbone are

vertebrates and invertebrates.

What part of a mollusk contains the digestive tract, circulatory organs, excretory organs, and reproductive organs?

visceral mass

Select the three major body regions present in all mollusks.

visceral mass muscular foot mantle

A pseudocoelom is a body cavity that is lined

with both mesoderm and endoderm.