Chapter 17

Appeal to tradition

-assumes that something old is automatically better than something new -its value should be based on its contributions to society, not its age

Slippery Slope

-assumes that taking a first step will inevitably lead to second and so on forth until disaster

Ad Hominem

-attacking the other person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Appeal to novelty

-assumes that because something is new, it is therefore superior to something that is older

Bandwagon

-assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Either-Or

-forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Identify fallacies in reasoning through examples

-hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty,

Red Herring

-introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Hasty generalization

-most common fallacy -occurrs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases

Reasoning from principles

-move from general to specific (used when trying to persuade an audience) -general principle to minor premise to final conclusion

Reasoning from specific instances

-progress from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion -beware of jumping to conclusions from insufficient evidence -sample of small instances needs to be large enough to justify your conclusion -instances are fair, unbiased, and representative -reinforce argument with statistics or testimony

Identify the types of reasoning through examples

-reasoning from specific instances, from principles, casual reasoning, analogical reasoning

Casual Reasoning

-someone tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects -used daily -beware of the temptation to attribute complex events to single causes

Analogical Reasoning

-speaker uses two similar cases and infers what it true for one case must be true for the other -used in persuasive speeches and can be used on both sides of an issue

False Cause

-the fact that one event occurs after another yes not mean that the first is the cause of the second, can be entirely coincidental

Identify methods for generating emotional appeal

-use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

Invalid Analogy

-when two cases are being compared that are not essentially alike

Factors of credibility

Competence: how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject Character: how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern fro the well-being of the audience

Identify the types of credibility

Initial: the credibility of the speaker before he or she even speaks Derived: the credibility of the speaker produced by everything he or she says and does during the speech itself Terminal: the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech