Chapter 17 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System

Infant botulism usually presents with which of the following signs/symptoms?

flaccid paralysis, respiratory issues, weak sucking, loss of muscle tone

Arboviral encephalitis is usually diagnosed through a patient's history of travel and ___ analysis.

serum

True or fase: Although empiric acyclovir treatment may be begun in case the infection is actually caused by herpes simplex or varicella zoster, there is no satisfactory treatment for any of the types of encephalitis caused by arboviruses.

true

___ CJD is the rare form of CJD by eating meat from an infected animal.

variant

Put the steps of the rabies infection cycle in the correct order.

1. bite from an infected animal 2. multiplication of the virus at the bite site 3. virus advances from the nerve ganglia to the brain 4. virus multiplies in the brain 5. virus migrates to the eye, heart, skin, and oral cavity 6. virus replicates in the salivary gland and is shed in the saliva

___ botulism results in children and adults when performed toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is ingested.

Food-borne

The name of the ___ virus comes from initials of patient in which it was originally isolated.

JC

Poliovirus is in the family ___.

Picornaviridae

___ is an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis, though a preventative vaccine is available.

Poliomyelitis

An infection caused by Naegleria fowleri results in PAM, which stands for ___ ___ ___.

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

Which of the following are not considered defenses of the brain and spinal cord?

Rapid inflammatory response Enhanced complement levels Enhanced phagocyte activity

Which of the following statements regarding Coccidioides infection are correct?

The infection caused by this microbe is often called "valley fever" in the US southwest. Inhaled arthrospores develop into spherules in the lungs.

The mode of transmission for most cases of listeriosis is ___.

contaminated food

Which means are used to diagnose food-born botulism?

cultivation of C. botulinum in feces Identification of toxin in food sources

The signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis in individuals with healthy immune systems include sore throat, lymph node enlargement, and ___.

fever.

To treat cryptococcosis, amphotericin B and ___ must be used over a period of weeks or months.

fluconazole

The Gram reaction and cellular morphology of Neisseria meningitidis is:

gram negative diploccci

The Gram reaction and cellular morphology of Clostridium tetani are ___.

gram positive, spore forming bacillus

Inflammation of the brain and meninges due to infection with Acanthamoeba is ___ amoebic meningoencephalitis.

granulomatous

The term ___ refers to a partial or different immune response in the CNS.

immune privilege

Coccidioides immintis only causes opportunistic infections in ___ patients.

immunocompromised.

Jonas Salk developed the ___ polio vaccine and Albert Sabin developed the ___ polio vaccine.

inactivated oral

Why is it important to confirm or rule out meningococcal meningitis as quickly as possible?

it can be rapidly fatal

The preferred method of diagnosis for bacterial meningitis is cultivation from a CSF specimen because ___.

it enables a quick assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility

Paralytic polio results in paralysis of the muscles in the ___.

legs diaphragm

The primary reservoirs for the rabies virus are wild ___.

mammals

What changes are usually seen in the brain tissue of CJD patients?

massive loss of neurons and glial cells Appearance of "holes" in the cortex

Inflammation of the meninges is

menigitis

Cryptococcus neoformans has an affinity for the

meninges brain

The average incubation period for rabies is 1 to 2

months

Which of the following statements regarding Zika virus are correct?

mosquitoes may become infected with Zika by biting an infected human. The best way to prevent Zika is to prevent mosquito bites. Zika primarily spreads through infected mosrquitoes.

HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause encephalitis in the newborn when the ___ is infected.

mother

Chemical stability and resistance is conferred on the polio virus by its

naked capsid

Germination of Clostridium tetani endospores only occurs in ___ ___ that is poorly supplied with blood.

necrotic tissue

Viruses that have an affinity for the nervous system are termed ___ .

nerutropic

The brain and the spinal cord are dense structures made up of cells called

neurons

An ___ ___ parasite is an organism that requires a host cell for growth and metabolism.

obligate intracellular

Bacterial entrance to the central nervous system is often facilitated by coinfection or precious infection with ___ .

respiratory viruses.

Rabies is usually transmitted to humans by

scratches bites droplets

The three functions of the nervous system are

sensory motor integrative

The presence of distinctive ___ in sputum, spinal fluid, biopsies gives a very straightforward diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis.

spherules

A ___ ___ is performed to obtain a sample of CSF in suspected cases of meningitis.

spinal tap

When the symptoms of encephalitis are slow to appear and less severe, the condition is called ___ encephalitis.

subacute

Which of the following statements regarding subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is correct?

subacute sclerosing panenencephalitis is caused by viral invasion of neural tissue.

Toxoplasmosis is most effectively treated using ___, ___, or ___ alone or in combination.

sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, leucovorin

The normal biota of the CNS and PNS includes :

there is no normal biota in the CNS or PNS.

Zika virus is transmitted through several mechanisms, including

through sexual intercouse with infected individuals by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito vertically, in utero

Which of the following statements regarding the polio virus infection are correct?

virus is carried to the central nervous system throught its blood supply Most people infected with polio virus exhibit mild non-specific symptoms

Meningitis caused by ___ is usually milder and shorter lived.

viruses

Encephalitis can occur in older children and adults when the ____ virus is reactivated from the trigeminal nerve.

HSV

The reproductive structures of Coccidioides species are called ___

arthrospores

___ meningitis is diagnosed when no bacteria or fungi are found in the CSF with a suspected case of meningitis, and is assumed to be viral in origin.

aseptic

___ are the main host for toxoplasma gondii during its life cycle.

cats

Meningitis caused by ___ ___ is a severe form of acute bacterial meningitis, but cases have been greatly reduced in the US by the Hib vaccine.

haemophilus influenzae

Although toxoplasma gondii infection in otherwise healthy people is generally unnoticed, those peple are often more likely to ___.

have slower reaction times display thrill-seeking behaviors

Arboviruses are transmitted by ___ .

insects

Susceptible populations, such as the elderly or ummunocompromised persons, usually present with which signgs/symptoms of listeriosis?

meningitis Septicemia

The primary locations where poliovirus adsorbs are mucosal cells in the ___ and ___.

oropharynx ; intestine

Treatments for polio include pain-relieving medication, ___ therapy, and artificial ventilation.

physical

The transmissible agent of CJD, a ___, is able to alter a normal host protein, called a PrP protein. This causes a massive accumulation of altered proteins in the brain.

prion

___ are proteinaceous infectious particles that contain no genetic material.

prions

Taxoplasma gondii is classified as a(n) ___ .

protozoan

Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes include

resistant to pH extremes flagellated resistant to cold resistant to heat intracellular parasite

Coccidioides immitis infections usually begin in the ___ system.

respiratory

Which type of infectious agent is the usual cause of most cases of acute encephalitis?

viruses

The poliovirus is transmitted through

water food mechanical vectors fecal material

____ botulism occurs when Clostridium botulinum spores enter the skin through a puncture or opening in the skin.

wound

A clear serum-like fluid that provides nutrition for the CNS as well as a liquid cushion for the brain and spinal cord is ___.

CSF

___ is a neuromuscular disease that results in the controlled contraction of skeletal muscles.

Tetanus

Clostridium botulinum is a ___.

endospore-forming anaerobe

___ is a type of viral encephalitis spread by animals.

Rabies

Which of the following is a yeast that can cause meningitis?

Cryptococcus neoformans

___ ___ is a spherical or ovoid-shaped fungus with small, constricted buds and a large capsule that can cause meningitis.

Cryptococcus neoformans

Community-acquired meningitis is most often caused by a microorganism called ___ ___.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

___ is the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.

Tetanospasmin

Why does improper food processing often lead to food-borne botulism?

The spores are highly resistant to heat. The spores thrive in the anaerobic conditions of canned foods.

___ CJD is the rare form of CJD contracted by eating meat from an infected animal.

Variant

Which groups are at the highest risk for meningococcal meningitis?

Young children young adults.

Most cases of tetanus enter the body through

accidental puncture wounds, burns umbilical stumps, frost bite, crushed body parts

Naegleria fowleri is a(n) ___ .

amoeba

Familial CJD is inherited genetically, but vCJD can be prevented through ___.

avoidance of contaminated meat

Cryptococcus neoformans is prevalent in areas populated by which type of organism?

birds

What modes of transmission could be involved in the CJD infection?

blood transfusion, indirect contact with infected brain tissue ingestion of contaminated meat contaminated surgical instruments direct contact with infected CSF

Meningoencephalitis involves the

brain meninges

The only way to definitely diagnose CJD is through ___ or ___ tissue biopsy.

brain nervous

The vaccine available against meningococcal meningitis is given to ___.

children

The two component parts of the nervous system are the ___ ___ .

central nervous system peripheral nervous system

The signs/symptoms of CJD are

dementia/senility impaired memory uncontrollable muscle contraction

___ is an inflammation of the brain, usually caused by viral infection.

encephalitis

The main virulence factor for the rabies virus is a(n) ___ .

envelope glycoprotein

Tranmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by prions, are neurodegenerative diseases with long incubation periods, and include which of the following diseases?

fatal familiar insomnia creutzfieldt-Jakob disease Scrapie