Chapter 17. Methods of Persuasion Concept

Which of the following is an example of reasoning from principle?

"Lying is wrong. James lied to me. Therefore, James was wrong,"

Logicians note that there are about ______ types of fallacies.

125

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable is called

specific evidence

Why do speakers appeal to emotions when giving a persuasive speech?

- To grab the attention of listeners - To influence listeners

What does it mean to use emotional appeals ethically?

- To use them only when it is appropriate for your topic - To use them in conjunction with building a case on reason

Which of these is least likely to help speakers enhance their credibility?

Demonstrating objectivity about the topic

Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning?

An argument that compares similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

"Sheila led her company division successfully. I have every confidence that she will run the company with the same level of success." This quotation is best exemplifies which of the following types of reasoning?

Analogical reasoning

Which of the following is the reasoning process in which two similar cases are compared and it is inferred that what is true for the first case is also true for the second?

Analogical reasoning

Which of the following is the term Aristotle used for the concept of credibility?

Ethos

Which of the following terms refers to the supporting material that proves or disproves something?

Evidence

Which of the following is a true statement about reasoning from specific instances?

Exceptions to its conclusions may exist.

Which of the following statements is not an example of an emotional appeal?

Refugees are asylum seekers.

True or false: Effective persuasion rarely requires emotional appeal.

False

True or false: In causal reasoning, a speaker compares two cases that are similar in order to argue that what applied in one case will apply in another.

False

True or false: It is appropriate to use fallacies in your speeches.

False

The Roman rhetorician Quintilian stated that eloquence is derived from the force of the imagination and what other factor?

Feeling

Which of the following is the most common fallacy that occurs when reasoning from specific instances?`

Hasty generalization

Which of the following is the type of credibility a speaker has before beginning to speak?

Initial

Which of the following fallacies is a comparison of two cases that are not essentially alike?

Invalid analogy

Which of the following is not an example of specific evidence?

Overdose deaths have increased dramatically in the first decades of the 21st century.

__________ is used to make listeners feel something.

Pathos

Which of the following is the Latin name for the false cause fallacy?

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Which of the following describes the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence?

Reasoning

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion?

Reasoning from principle

Lee and Maschino, two candidates campaigning for state representative, are participating in a debate and are asked whether marijuana should be legal. Lee answers that he feels it should be legal, then finishes by accusing candidate Maschino of opposing legalization only because he receives kickbacks from several liquor companies. Maschino responds, "Who helps fund my campaign is irrelevant. What we should be focusing on is the lack of funding for our schools." Which type of fallacy is Maschino's response?

Red herring

Which of the following is the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion?

Red herring

Lucille is a tutor and has been asked to speak to a local group of volunteers who wish to serve as literacy tutors to disadvantaged children. Which of the following would help her explain her competence?

Stating that she volunteered for a local group called the Literacy Network

When giving a speech about a topic over which people have various opinions, the speaker should expect which of the following?

That the audience will question certain points and want evidence to back them up

Which of the following statements will most likely be true if the audience perceives that the speaker does not have credibility?

The audience will not readily believe what the speaker says.

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy if a speaker were trying to persuade an audience about the human contribution to global warming?

To provide evidence that illustrates the increase in global warming in the past century

True or false: Credibility can be enhanced.

True

As a speaker, what are your major goals with respect to reasoning?

You must try to get listeners to agree with your reasoning. You must make sure your own reasoning is sound.

The false __________ fallacy is often known by its Latin name, which translates to "after this, therefore because of this."

cause

Which of the following terms describes an error in reasoning?

fallacy

The analogy fallacy is a type of inaccurate and misleading analogical reasoning.

invalid

Who of the following are the most likely to incorporate the bandwagon fallacy in their work?

- Advertisers - Candidates for public office - Salespeople

How can speakers enhance their credibility with the audience?

- By delivering their speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction - By explaining their competence - By establishing common ground

Why can using causal reasoning be tricky?

- Determining cause and effect is not necessarily clear or easy. - The fact that one event happens after another event does not mean that the first event caused it. - Events can have more than one cause.

Which of the following are benefits of using evidence in a speech?

- Evidence is especially useful when speaking to people who disagree with you. - Evidence can help persuade listeners.

Which of the following are ways of enhancing your credibility as a speaker?

- Explaining your competence - Establishing common ground with the audience - Speaking with genuine conviction

What are examples of emotion-laden words that would be suitable for generating an emotional appeal for people to volunteer at a local food bank?

- Gratitude - Hunger - Desperate

In a speech persuading his audience to take precautions against tick bites, Frank first described Lyme disease, then discussed its symptoms and treatments. Next, he spoke about the experiences of three of his friends who had each come down with Lyme disease from tick bites after camping in a different state. In conclusion, he said, "As you can see from these three examples, everyone should take precautions against becoming infected with Lyme disease." Which of the following are ways that Frank failed to follow guidelines for reasoning from specific instances?

- He made a generalization about a broad need for precautions from just three examples. - He assumed that if campers are prone to infection, everyone else is also prone to infection. - His conclusion was not reinforced with statistics on the prevalence of Lyme disease.

Which of the following are guidelines to follow when reasoning from principle?

- If the general premise will not be immediately accepted, provide evidence to support it. - Prepare to support the minor premise with evidence. - Determine whether the general premise will be accepted by the audience without evidence.

Which of the following are types of credibility for public speakers?

- Initial credibility - Terminal credibility - Derived credibility

Which of the following are guidelines you should follow when reasoning from specific instances?

- Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony. - Avoid hasty generalizations. - Be especially careful with your wording.

Which of the following are ways to generate an emotional appeal?

- Speaking with sincerity and conviction - Developing vivid examples - Using emotional language

If you were seeking to persuade an audience to volunteer for a project, which of the following would be effective ways to establish your credibility?

- Talking about your personal experience volunteering for the project - Sharing that you care about the audience members - Demonstrating your sincerity through the delivery of your speech

When audiences judge a speaker's character as part of determining credibility, what do they consider?

- The speaker's sincerity - The speaker's trustworthiness - The speaker's concern for the well-being of the audience

Which of the following are true statements about emotional appeals?

- They may evoke emotions such as fear, compassion, or anger. - They are intended to evoke certain emotions in order to persuade listeners.

True or false: Cassidy is engaged in ethical speaking when she gives statistics about the poverty level in her city and follows them up with stories about homeless, hungry children.

True

The __________ fallacy assumes that if something is popular, it is good or right.

bandwagon

The statement, "Most people support the legalization of marijuana, and therefore it should be legal," is an example of the

bandwagon fallacy

Ethos is the term used by Aristotle to refer to

credibility

The __________ generalization fallacy occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases.

hasty