Chapter 17 Public Speaking

The bandwagon fallacy is also evident in political speeches.

true

Pathos

Appeal to emotion

A speaker's credibility wont vary from audience to audience and topic to topic, or change during the course of a speech

False

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

evidence

supporting materials—examples, statistics, testimony—used to prove or disprove something

Tips for using evidence:

1) Use specific evidence. 2) Use novel evidence. 3) Use evidence from credible sources. 4) Make clear the point of your evidence.

Specific ways you can boost your credibility while speaking are:

1. explain your competence 2. establish common ground with your audience. 3.Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction.

List of emotions during public speaking

1. fear 2. compassion 3. pride 4. anger 5. guilt 6. reverence.

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

Slippery Slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

creating common ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Creating common ground is not especially important at the start of a persuasive speech.

False

True

Speakers who consistently lose their place, hesitate frequently, or pepper their talk with "uh," "er," and "um" are seen as less competent than speakers who are poised and dynamic.

credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

Logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

True

There is a great deal of research to show that a speaker's credibility is strongly affected by his or her delivery.

A fallacy is an error in reasoning.

True

Analogical reasoning is used frequently in persuasive speeches—especially when the speaker is dealing with a question of policy

True

High initial credibility is a great advantage for any speaker, but it can be destroyed during a speech, resulting in low terminal credibility.

True

false cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

competence

how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

character

how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

reasoning for principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning for specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

casual reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Effective persuasion often requires emotional appeal

true

Many things affect a speaker's credibility, including sociability, dynamism, physical attractiveness, and perceived similarity between speaker and audience.

true

The more favorably listeners view a speaker's competence and character, the more likely they are to accept what the speaker says.

true

generating emotional appeal

use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

terminal credibility

—the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

initial credibility

—the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak.

derived credibility

—the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself