Chapter 17 Quiz
Constantinople
(Origins of Atlantic Slavery) 1453=Ottoman Turks captured ? -result=official end of Byzantine Empire -result= Ottomans now controlled Black Sea region -result=Ottomans cut off Christian Europe from its major source of slaves
auctions
(The Atlantic Slave Trade) when slaves arrived in the Americas, they were sold at ? ----used as laborers, seen only as a unit for profit ----viewed as valuable property/things
4
(The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa) Slowed Africa's population growth - Simultaneously = populations of Europe, China, etc. were expanding CAUSES -loss of millions of people over ? centuries -economic stagnation caused by the slave trade -political disruption caused by the slave trade
creole language
West Africans managed to combine European colonizers' languages (English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese, for example) with parts of their West African languages and grammatical patterns to create new languages
Santeria in Cuba, Vodun in Haiti, and Candomblé in Brazil
What are some examples of this religious syncretism of Christianity & African religions?
result of the Portuguese who were exploring the coast of West Africa for gold but found an alternative source of slaves there
when sugar-plantations started in the Americas, Europeans already had ties to a West African source fo labor supply
Slavic-peoples=no longer available; Native Americans=quickly died off from European diseases; Europeans=Christians=exempt from slavery; European indentured servants=expensive and temporary
why Africa for slaves?
Christian
African religious songs was blended with ? music to sing to get through the day
rice, okra
Africans brought ? and ? to the Americas, and the dish known as aGumbo, popular US traces it's roots to Africa
step 1
(How did the Slave trade work) African merchants and political elites captured slaves and brought them to the coast of West Africa
step 3
(How did the Slave trade work) Europeans brought slaves to the Americas and sold them at slave auctions to plantation owners
Step 2
(How did the Slave trade work) Europeans waited on the coast (in ships or fortified settlements) to purchase these slaves
The African Slave Trade after Europeans
- Europeans traders set up trading posts along Africa's coasts, some rulers traded slaves for gunpowder - In Central Africa, Portuguese explorers, traders, and missionaries visited Kongo and Benin kingdoms - Vasco da Gama invaded Swahili city-states like Kilwa and took over trade throwing the region into devastating decline
The African Slave Trade before Europeans
- Sunni Ali became ruler in 1464 and expanded his territory in the Songhay Empire - Songhay took over Timbuktu and instituted repressive policies against some of the scholars there -Songhay would be later conquered by Moroccan forces with firearm
end of the Atlantic Slave Trade
- over time, the drive for abolition of the slave trade thanks to the enlightenment philosophers led to the end of the slave trade - Slave revolts began to be common such as the French colony of Saint Domingue by Toussaint L'Ouventure - By 1888, slavery in the Americas was abolished, in Haiti and the US by full-scale war
Slaves hav always been considered "outsiders"
- some slaves could be assimilated into their owners' households or communities -In some places, children of slaves were considered slaves; in other places were considered free -Preference for female slaves in Islamic world
The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
-African slave trade = hurt smaller societies within Africa ----Raided by larger, more powerful neighbors to conquer their people to sell as slaves ----Lacked the protection of a strong state -Slave trade = did not help Africa economically because: African merchants and elites who sold the slaves kept the money for themselves and did not invest in their African societies -No technological breakthroughs in agriculture or industry to help increase the wealth of African societies -slowed population growth (SEE MORE LATER)
Effects of Early Modern Slavery 1550-1750
-Atlantic slavery came to be identified with Africa -Slaves were treated as dehumanized property, without any rights and at the mercy of owners. -Slave status was inherited, which gave people little hope of Good Hope
The Middle Passage
-Enslaved person's journey from Africa to the Americas -Middle leg of the "Triangular trade" pattern -Miserable journey ----Packed tightly together ----Chained together ----Many suffocated or died of disease (1 in 6) ----Some committed suicide or went on hunger strikes
Slavery in the Americas: something different
-Immense size of the traffic of slaves -Centrality of slave labor to the economies of colonial America -Slavery based on plantation agriculture only -Slaves treated as dehumanized property -Slave status = inherited; little hope of freedom -Racial dimension -> Atlantic slavery came to be identified with Africa and "blackness"
Effects of Post-Classical Slavery 600-1550
-Serfs were not slaves, and after the Bubonic plague, serfdom declined in Western Europe. -In the Islamic world, many slaves converted to Islam and gained
Features of Early Modern Slavery 1550-1750
-Slave trafficking was conducted at a high volume. -Slavery was central to the economic system of the colonial Americas, and it was prominent in plantation agriculture.
features of classical slavery 600 BCE-600 CE
-Slaves were usually prisoners of war and women -often slaves were highly educated and treated as members of the family -In the Roman Empire, slaves were used on the latifundia (large landed estate) to grow and harvest the cash crops
Features of Post-Classical Slavery 600-1550
-There was little slavery in Europe, but there was a dependence on serf labor within manorialism. -In the Islamic world, slaves from Africa were used for domestic work
The Atlantic slave trade
-lasted from about 1500 to 1866 ----About 12.5 million Africans taken from their societies ----About 10.7 million made it to the Americas ----About 1.8 million (14.4%) died during the transatlantic crossing ----Millions more died in the process of capture and transport to the African coast--> didn't even make it to the ships
To the Europeans Africans were perfect for plantation labor because:
-skilled farmers -Some immunity to tropical and European diseases -Not Christian -Relatively close and easy to get -Available in large numbers -Had darker skin--> allowed the europeans to view them as an "inferior" race
Some local rulers traded slaves to the Europeans in exchange for gunpowder and cannons.
As the Portuguese, and later other European traders, set up trading posts along Africa's coasts, what became the primary product they traded for?
effects of classical slavery 600 BCE-600 CE
Both Greece and Rome depended on slave labor
Journey to the west
China; 1592; used Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian symbolism the format of a novel
Gender
Effects of the Slave trade on Africa: ? distributions in Ghana and Benin became imbalanced since two-thirds taken were men, leading to the practice of polygyny
economically
Effects of the Slave trade on Africa: ? those with firearms became wealthy and led to more fighting between the tribes
societies
Effects of the Slave trade on Africa: Slowed the development of ? in Africa
population
Effects of the Slave trade on Africa: it did, however spur ? growth and improve heir diet through the Columbian Exchange
Collected works of William Shakespeare
England; 1564-1616; set the precedent for European style in prose, poetry, and drama
in many societies, the entire community shared the land. In order to establish positions of wealth and power, individuals not only showcased the property they owned, but also showcased their slaves.
For what reasons did Europeans turn to the African slave trade?
What was the Middle Passage? Describe it
From these holding pens, slave traders next crammed their captives into the dank cargo section of a ship, providing them little water, food, or even room for movement. The grueling journey across the Atlantic was known as the Middle Passage, because it was the middle part of the captives' journey. Many captured Africans staged rebellions en route, but most revolts were crushed. During the journey to the Americas, which usually took about six weeks, up to half of ship's captives might die. Historians estimate that over the hundreds of years of the Atlantic slave trade from the early 1500s to the mid-nineteenth century, approximately 25% of all African captives perished before reaching the Americas.
When African leaders along the coast realized that their kingdoms could economically benefit from the slave trade, they invaded neighboring societies in a quest for slaves to take back to the coast.
How did Africans gain the slaves they sold to the Europeans?
The Trans-Atlantic slave trade permanently weakened several West African kingdoms (such as Kongo), largely because of the violence that it caused among their societies, but also because African slave-raiding kingdoms became economically dependent on goods from Europe. Such societies were slow to develop more complex economies in which they produced their own goods.
How did the Atlantic slave trade set the stage for the European imperialism of the late 19th century?
Enlightenment philosophers of the 18th century, such as Rousseau, wrote passionately about the right to freedom and the need for equality among all human beings. Enlightenment ideals formed the foundation for political revolutions in Europe and the Americas. Many intellectuals felt that slavery could not be reconciled with the Enlightenment values of democracy and equality, and thus the abolition movement was born.
How did the Enlightenment lead to the push for abolition (ending of slavery) and the end of the Atlantic slave trade?
Some of the enslaved Africans, maybe 10%, practiced Islam. While some of the men who sailed with Columbus may have been Muslims, these enslaved Africans became the first significant presence of Islam in the Americas
How was Islam introduced to the Americas?
textiles; Cowrie shells; goods; gunpowder; alcohol
In exchange for slaves, African sellers wanted: -European and Indian ? -? ? (used as money in West Africa) -European metal ? -Firearms and ? -Tobacco and ?
Africans melded aspects of Christianity that were introduced to them (or imposed upon them) with their West African religious traditions, such as drumming, dancing, and a belief in spirits that could "possess," or take over and act through a person, often in evil ways.
In what ways were African religions combined with Christianity (which was imposed upon them)?
Kabuki Theater
Japan; 17th century; Dramatized love stories, conflicts, and other aspects of Japanese culture in a highly stylized and flashy form
African
Jazz, gospel, blues, rock-n-roll, hip-hop, samba, reggae, and country music are all influenced by ? music
Epic of Sundiata
Mali Empire in West Africa; 1210-1260; Spread the story orally of the founder of the Mali Empire for generations before being written down
Slavery before 1500
Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions were major areas of slave trading; major source of slaves- southern Russia
Slavic
Original slaves on these Mediterranean plantations= ?-speaking people from the Black Sea region
unnecessary; unwise
Slave raiding in Africa= ? and ? -African societies were capable of defending themselves against European intrusion -African societies=willing to sell their slaves peacefully -Europeans= dropped like flies when entering African's interior
Native Americans kept dying and Europeans didn't want to work the fields, so Africans fit the bill; Also, slave labor was for life unlike indentured servants
Slavery was around before the Europeans, just ask the Muslim traders in the north and on the Indian Ocean, but why Africa?
Don Quixote by Cervantes
Spain; 1547-1616; Was the first great novel in European Literature
Moroccan
The Songhay Empire would later conquered by ? forces with firearms... unheard of in Sub-Saharan Africa at that time
Timbuktu
The Sonhay Empire took over ? and instituted repressive policies against some of the scholars there
Gender distributions in those regions became severely imbalanced, because more than two-thirds of those taken were males. The resulting predominance of women prompted a rise in polygyny and forced women to assume duties that had traditionally been men's jobs.
What happened in terms of gender distribution in Africa as a result of the Atlantic slave trade?
In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama invaded the Swahili city-states of East Africa, most of which were thriving commercial centers in the Indian Ocean trade. The Portuguese took over trade in Kilwa, Mombasa, and other city-states, throwing the region into a devastating decline.
What happened to the Swahili city-states of East Africa?
As a result of the Indian Ocean salve trade, African words, musical styles, and customs can be found in Oman, India, and elsewhere
What impact did the African diaspora have on the Indian Ocean area?
Africans brought rice and okra (a green vegetable) to the Americas, as well as their knowledge of how to prepare these foods. The dish known as gumbo, popular in the southern United States, has roots in African cooking.
What influences did Africans have on food in the Americas?
Though he had initially allowed slave trading in his kingdom, he had no intention of giving up his society's elite to slavery, nor did he want Kongo to be depopulated. King Afonso also saw that his authority was undermined because his subjects were able to trade slaves for European goods without his involvement. Before the Europeans came, he had been able to control all in his domain.
What issues did African leaders, such as King Afonso, begin to see arise in their kingdoms due to the slave trade?
Today's music, including gospel, blues, jazz, rock-n-roll, hip-hop, samba, reggae, and country music, are all influenced by African music. The syncopated rhythms and percussion in contemporary music can be traced back to Western African musical traditions.
What modern musical forms were influenced by African music brought during the Atlantic slave trade?
The Columbian exchange introduced new crops to the continent, such as the American crops maize, peanuts, and manioc which became staples in the African diet.
What one benefit did the Columbian Exchange have on Africa? Explain.
Slave revolts led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in the French colony of Saint Domingue in the late eighteenth century were so successful that they brought the end of slavery to the island in 1804, giving the newly independent nation of Haiti the distinction of being the first county in the Americas to end slavery. By 1888, slavery would be abolished throughout the Americas, usually through a gradual process of abolition. Haiti and the United States were the only two countries to end slavery through a full-scale war.
What role did slave revolts in the Americas have on the ending of the Atlantic slave trade?
Sugar production and rum (made from sugar)
What two products began to finance fortunes in Portugal, Britain, France, & the Netherlands?
Slaves in the Indian Ocean were more likely to work in seaports as laborers in the Indian Ocean were more likely to work in seaports as laborers in the shipping industry and as household servants. Some worked as sailors or even soldiers. Living in towns or cities, they and more opportunity to develop communities and to work alongside free laborers. Slaves who ended up I Islamic communities had certain rights, such as the right to marry.
What was the typical fate for a slave sold in the Indian Ocean slave trade?
(Captive Africans, swept away from their families, were taken to holding pens in West Africa known as) barracoons (, or "slave castles.:)
Where were Africans taken to await sale to the Europeans?
The Atlantic slave trade affected Africa in social, economic, and political ways. Those most affected were the peoples and civilizations of west Africa in present-day Ghana and Benin, from which most Africans were kidnapped or sold
Which area of Africa was most influenced by the Atlantic slave trade? Why?
In West Africa during the latter part of the 1400s, Portuguese trading fleets arrived in the Kingdom of the Kongo seeking slaves.
Which country started the use of African slaves?
(In the United States, which had a smaller percentage of Africans in comparison to the total population, few examples of creole languages exist.) (One notable exception is the) *Gullah or Geechee* language, (of South Carolina and Georgia, in places where slaves once composed 75% of the population.)
While creole languages were largely lost in the United States, what language is one exception?
Sunni Ali
Who became the Songhay Empire ruler in 1464 and expanded his territory?
By routes overland or in the Indian Ocean, slaves from eastern Africa were sold to buyers in northern Africa, the Middle East, and India. Many were transported to the islands off the southeast coast of Africa, such as Madagascar.
Who primarily bought slaves in the Indian Ocean slave trade?
Without firearms, it was hard for neighboring groups to resist slave raids, so raiding societies became even richer and more fortified with firearms. Intergroup warfare thus became more common and bloodier as a result of the slave trade
Why did intergroup warfare become more common and bloodier in Africa as a result of the Atlantic slave trade?
Landowners did not think of indigenous captives and European indentured servants as ideal workers. Europeans sought sources of inexpensive labor in the Americas. Western European countries such as Portugal, Spain, and England were developing their naval technology, but Portugal was ahead of the others. In West Africa during the latter part of the 1400s, Portuguese trading fleets arrived in the Kingdom of the Kongo seeking slaves. Initially they took the enslaved Africans back to Europe to work as domestic servants.
Why did the English turn away from the use of indentured servants in the 13 colonies (leading to the demand for African labor)?
Because the Caribbean islands had a larger concentration of enslaved Africans than did North America, creole languages dominate there even today.
Why does the creole language still dominate in the Caribbean islands still today?
With a few exceptions, Africans were not able to transplant their languages to the Americas. Since captives were taken from myriad African cultural groups, most did not share a common language. Understandably, they found it difficult, if not impossible, to communicate en route. Because of their linguistic isolation on the ships and in the Americas, most Africans lost their languages after a generation.
Why were African languages largely not transplanted to the New World?
to hand over individuals from the lower rungs of their own societies, such as prisoners of war, servants, or criminals.
Why were African leaders willing to participate in this trade?
(Some local rulers traded slaves to the Europeans in exchange for gunpowder and cannons, giving those coastal governments a military advantage when battling neighboring villages. ) Thus, many African city-states grew wealthy by agreeing to sell enslaved Africans to European slavers.
Why were Africans willing to participate in this trade?
Perhaps many African descendants maintained their musical traditions because enslaved Africans in America used music as a means of survival, singing tunes from home to help them endure long workdays as well as to communicate with other slaves, such as when planning an escape.
Why were so many of Africa's musical traditions maintained in the Americas?
Trans-Saharan slave trade (= brought Africans to the Mediterranean); east African slave trade (= broughtAfricans to the Middle East and...)
ex of many African societies practiced slavery themselves, as well as selling slaves into these networks
origins of Atlantic Slavery
lie in the Mediterranean where Europeans first established sugar plantations; sugar plantation work