Chapter 18 A&P 246
In a healthy adult, basophils consititue about ______ % of total leukocytes
0.5-1
In a healthy adult, what percentage of leukocytes will be basophils?
0.5-1%
In the blood of a healthy adult, what percentage of leukocytes will be neutrophils?
50-70%
Match the quantities on the left with the components of whole blood with which they correspond on the right.
55% plasma; 45% formed elements; 44% erythrocytes; <1% leukocytes and platelets
Match each class of plasma protein with its relative amount of the plasma protein total
58% albumins; 37% globulins; 4% fibrinogen; <1% regulatory proteins
From myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte, the process of erythropoiesis takes _____
6-7 days
About what percent of plasma is made of plasma proteins?
7%
Which components of whole blood are responsible for the transport of oxygen to carbon dioxide?
Erythrocytes and plasma
______ have specific granules in their cytosol that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope.
Neutrophils
A blood sample containing erythrocytes with neither surface antigen A nor surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type ______
O
Order the events that occur during the intrinsic pathway to coagulation
Platelets release factor XII; factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX; factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X
Administration of _____ to an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ fetus prevents the synthesis of anti-D antibodies to Rh+ fetal erythrocytes during pregnancy
RhoGAM, special immunoglobulins
Match each type of anemia on the left with the description on the right
Sickle cell disease: an autosomal recessive mutation causes an altered shape in hemoglobin, and thus erythrocytes, which are more prone to hemolysis congenital hemolytic anemia: often genetically determined, malformation of erythrocyte membrane proteins erythroblastic anemia: characterized by a higher circulating number of immature, nucleated erythroblasts
When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, what happens to the proteins that were in the plasma membrane?
They are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein
Order the steps of hemostasis
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase
A plasma protein called the von ____ factor, helps create the platelet plug
Willebrand
The blood clotting factor proconvertin activates factor
X
As they pass through small blood vessels, erythrocytes may pack together, single-file, like a roll of coins; this formation is called _____
a rouleau
The primary classification of leukemias is based on their rate of development and duration; those that progress rapidly are called _____ leukemias, and those that develop and progress more slowly are called _____ leukemias
acute, chronic
Which plasma protein(s) contribute to the transport function of blood?
alpha globulins, beta globulins, regulatory proteins, albumins
How does an erythrocyte compare to other cells in the body?
an erythrocyte is unlike cells in that it does not have cellular organelles, does not have a nucleus
When a person's eosinophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently
been infected by a parasitic worm, had an allergic reaction
The consequences of the clumping of erythrocytes in an agglutination reaction include
blockage of small blood vessels by the clumps, impedance of blood flow by the clumped erythrocytes, hemolysis or rupture of the erythrocytes
The term hematocrit is composed of the prefix, hemato-, which means relating to the _____, and the suffix -crit, derived from krino, which means to ______
blood, separate
Type A+ blood has
both A and D antigens and B antibodies
The percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood is the ______ definition of hematocrit, whereas the percentage of formed elements in whole blood is the _______ definition of hematocrit
clinical; medical dictionary
Which of the following describes the functions of lymphocytes?
coordinate immune responses, attack abnormal body cells
A vascular spasm ____ the amount of blood flowing through the blood vessel
decreases
leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called ______ whereby they squeeze between endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls
diapedesis
Deconstruction of the medical term for a red blood cell reveals that the prefix _____ means red, and the suffix _______ means cell
erythro; cyte
Whole blood is almost never transfused today, as it is almost immediately divided into three components; _______, clotting factors and _______
erythrocytes, platelets
Patients who are anemic may be prescribed a synthetic hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis that their kidneys no longer make in sufficient amounts. This hormone is often abused by endurance athletes to boost their oxygen-carrying capacity. What is the name of this hormone?
erythropoietin
The conversion of fibrinogen to ___ is the critical step in the formation of a blood clot
fibrin
plasma contains _____ but serum does not
fibrinogen
Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, ______ is converted into long, insoluble strands of _____, which help form a blood clot
fibrinogen; fibrin
The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called
fibrinolysis
Leukopoiesis involves three different types of maturation processes; _____ maturation, ______ maturation, _______ maturation
granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte
When a person's neutrophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently
had a bacterial infection
When a person's monocyte count is elevated, it is most likely because they recently
had a bacterial infection, had a viral infection
The medical terms that refer to the synthesis of formed elements is _______
hematopoiesis, hemopoiesis
Place the cells of the monocyte development and maturation pathway in order
hemocytoblast, myeloid stem cell, progenitor cell, monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte
Match each stem cell with the formed elements that will develop from each
hemocytoblast: all formed elements; myeloid stem cell: erythrocytes, granulocytes, platelets, monocytes; lymphoid stem cell: leukocytes of the immune response
Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. What type of substance is released by basophils?
histamine, a vasodilator; heparin, an anticoagulant
Blood, in the form of leukocytes and plasma proteins protects the body against potentially harmful substances which are also part of the _____ system
immune
Antibodies to Rh antigen D will be found in the plasma
in an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+ blood
When a lymphocyte is activated, its thin rim of blue-gray cytosol will ______ in volume and thus the size of the lymphocytes will ________
increase; increase
The exchange of fluid between blood and interstitial fluid is primarily determined by the distribution of _____ between these fluids
ions and proteins
Hemoglobin
is a protein; is a pigment; is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes; transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide
When some oxygen has been delivered to tissues and some carbon dioxide has been picked up, blood
is deep red in color
Compared to water, blood
is more viscous
Which of the following correctly describe erythropoietin?
it is a hormone, it stimulates development of erythrocytes, it is produced in the kidneys
Which of the following best describes the nucleus of a monocyte?
kidney or C-shaped
____ represent a malignant transformation of a leukocyte cell line, and as abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic liens typically decrease in numbers
leukemias
The buffy coat consists of
leukoctyes and platelets
The only formed elements that are nucleated when mature are the
leukocytes
Monocytes become active phagocytic cells called ________
macrophages
Under the influence of thrombopoietin, a megakaryoblast becomes a ______
megakaryocyte
the substance that stimulates the myeloid stem cell to form the progenitor cell of thrombopoiesis is
multi-CSF
Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid
nutrients, waste products, electrolytes
The extrinsic coagulation pathway is initiated by damage to the tissue that is _____ the vessel
outside
Which of the following describes the functions of eosinophils?
phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
normally, the concentration of protein is higher in ______ than in _______
plasma, interstitial fluid
Components of whole blood are more correctly called "formed elements" rather than "cells" is because
platelets are just cell fragments and mature erythrocytes don't have a nucleus or organelles
Which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body?
platelets, plasma, leukocytes
The erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh positive _____ antigen D
possess
Place the following cells in the order in which they occur in the erythrocyte developmental pathway
proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
The process of megakaryocytes from which platelets derived - portions of the plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm - that extend between endothelial cells of blood vessels are called ______
proplatelets
Antibodies
recognize antigens that are not normally found in your plasma; are proteins; recognize and immobilize foreign antigens
Among the first signs of leukemia are
reduced platelet production and bleeding, reduced erythropoiesis and anemia
What types of regulatory functions are performed by blood
regulation of body fluids, regulation of pH of tissue fluid, regulation of body temperature
The ability of hemoglobin to transport carbon dioxide is the result of a weak association between carbon dioxide and
the globin protein
The alternate medical term for platelet is
thrombocyte
When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein ______ and stored in the liver by the protein _______
transferrin, ferritin
If the plasma of a blood sample contains neither anti-A nor the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is __.
AB
An increase in small blood vessel diameter called ______________ and in permeability that occur when basophils release ___________ may be accompanied by swollen nasal membranes watery eyes and runny nose.
vasodilation, histamine
A blood smear can be used to
visualize all of the types of formed elements
The first cells to make blood in an embryo are located in the
yolk sac
______ are leukocytes that have such small specific granules in their cytosol that they are not clearly visible under the light microscope
Agranulocytes
Which of the following best describes the nucleus of a basophil?
Bilobed, obscured by blue-violet dark-staining cytoplasmic granules
In an healthy adult, what percentage of leukocytes will be eosinophils?
1-4%
A neutrophil is about _______ times larger in diameter than an erythrocyte; is named for its neutral or pale-staining _______; and has a light lilac colored ________.
1.5; granules; cytosol
A platelet is about ______ the size of an erythrocyte
1/4
Erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for approximately _________
120 days
In an healthy adult, what percentage of leukocytes will be monocytes?
2-8%
In an healthy adult, what percentage of leukocytes will be lymphocytes?
20-40%
By weight, plasma is approximately ________% protein and 92% water; other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases and wastes make up less than ______ % of plasma
7, 1
A blood sample containing erythrocytes with only surface antigen A on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type ____
A
To test compatibility of blood types between a donor and a recipient, a specific blood test called a _____ test must be performed
Agglutination
_______ are Y-shaped proteins that are designed to recognize and immobilize specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body
Antibodies
Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. What type of substance is released by lymphocytes?
Antibodies and molecules that coordinate immune responses
If the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-A, and not the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is
B
Match each type of lymphocyte with its function
B lymphocyte: become plasma cells and produce antibodies T lymphocyte: manage and direct immune responses; attack infected body cells and foreign (transplanted) cells natural killer cell: attack abnormal and infected body cells
Which of the following describes lymphocyte maturation?
B-lymphoblasts develop into B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes develop from T-lymphoblasts
It can be said that ________ serves as the delivery system for the body
Blood
Blood is described based on which of the following physical characteristics?
Color, volume, viscosity, plasma concentration, temperature, pH
Correctly spell the name of each type of formed element
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Match each substance that stimulates the development of blood stem cells with its function
G-CSF: speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes from myeloblasts GM-CSF: speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cell M-CSF: stimulates production of monocytes from monoblasts thrombopoietin: stimulates production of megakaryocytes and platelets erythropoietin: speeds up produciton of erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblasts
Match each blood type with the correct description of the surface antigens and antibodies for that blood type
O+ = anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D AB+ = ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B, Rh antigen D A- = ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies B+ = ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies, Rh antigen D O- = anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies AB- = ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B A+ = ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D B- = ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies
Which components of whole blood is responsible for clotting the blood and preventing blood loss from damaged vessels?
Platelets
Identify the substance that stimulates events in the platelet developmental pathway
Thrombopoietin
Match each type of globulin with its description
alpha globulins: small; transport lipids and hormones beta globulins: large; transport hormones and lipids gamma globulins: also known as antibodies; produced by immune cells and can bind to antigens of pathogens
A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called _____ globins and two polypeptides called ____ globins
alpha, beta
When a person's lymphocyte count is elevated, they have recently
been infected by foreign cells, had the flu
Match each type of formed element with its life span
erythrocytes: 120 days, platelets: 8-10 days, leukocytes: hours to years
Albumins
exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
In coagulation, ____ activates factor X
factor II
Whole blood consists of
formed elements and plasma
The 2 main classes of leukocytes are
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Identify the result of the sympathetic response to blood loss
increased heart rate, increased force of heart contraction
When transported by hemoglobin, oxygen binds weakly with the
iron ion of each heme group
leukemia
is characterized by abnormal development of leukocytes, is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells, is characterized by abnormal proliferation of white blood cells
____ have an average life span that varies from 12 hours to years
leukocytes
The cells in the organs that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called _____
macrophages
The precursor cell from which platelets are derived or formed is called a
megakaryocyte
The number of ________ in a person's blood rises dramatically in the presence of a chronic bacterial infection, as more are produced that target the bacteria
neutrophils
List the five types of leukocytes in order from most to least abundant
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
When the maximum around of oxygen is being transported by blood - that is, when blood is saturated with oxygen - it is said to be _______
oxygenated
The liquid portion of whole blood is called ______; the liquid portion of blood that has had clotting proteins removed is called _____
plasma, serum
The bone marrow cell from which all formed elements are derived is considered to be a _____ because many, but not all, body cells can develop from it
pluripotent stem cell
Conditions that may result in an elevation in the number of leukocytes in the bloodstream include
stress, a recent infection