Chapter 18 and 19 FRQ

6a. Identify and describe TWO major causes for the original decline of these species. (You may describe one cause for each species or two causes for one species.)

California condor- 1.habitat loss due to urbanization which limits their range 2. old growth fire removal causing a loss of food resources

5d. Identify a human activity that leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone as a secondary pollutant and explain why tropospheric ozone levels peak in the daytime.

HUMAN ACTIVITY = Burning fossil fuel (e.g., operating motor vehicles, using landscaping equipment, electric power generation, industrial production) EXPLANATION: Sunlight is required to form tropospheric ozone.

3ci. Describe TWO impacts that global climate change can have on human health.

Increase in spread of vector diseases as habitat moves from tropics to poles, and increase in algal blooms and waterborne diseases from increased water temperature

3ai. Based on the data in the graph, identify the change in the difference from average temperature in the Arctic between 1980 and 2016.

Increased 1.5 degrees C

3biii. Explain how increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are linked to a change in pH of the ocean

Increased greenhouse gases are leading to increased temperature and decreasing ocean . More (that is released from anthropogenic sources and causing the increasing temperature) is absorbed by ocean waters, which decreases the of the ocean water/leads to ocean acidification.

3aii. Describe the difference in the change in temperatures in the Arctic with the change in global temperatures from 2000 to 2016.

The temperature is increasing/warming faster/at a greater rate in the Arctic.

3di. Propose one realistic solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Use more energy efficient vehicles/decrease driving distances.

3dii. Justify how the solution posed in (d)(i) would lead to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.

Using more energy efficient vehicles or decreasing driving distances will decrease the amount of fossil fuels burned, which will decrease the amount of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, released into the atmosphere.

1a. Explain how an increase in the amount of dissolved in ocean water results in a decrease in the pH of ocean water.

When carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, it forms an acid (carbonic acid or H2CO3).

1ciii. Because of ocean acidification, it is expected that in 2050 the mass of CaCO3 deposited annually in coral reefs will be 20 percent less than is deposited currently. Calculate how much less CaCO3, in kg, is expected to be deposited in 2050 than would be deposited if ocean water pH were to remain at its current value.

0.2 × 1.5×10^12 kg = 3×10^11 kg

4c. Describe TWO environmental impacts that increasing sea level will have on an estuarine ecosystem such as those in the Mississippi Delta, Chesapeake Bay, and San Francisco Bay.

1) Increased storm destruction of areas adjacent to the estuary = Estuaries absorb excess water, reducing flooding. 2) Change in salinity = May lead to loss of species that have a small salinity-tolerance range.

4b. Identify TWO phenomena that result from an increase in global mean atmospheric temperature and that contribute to increases in sea level. For each phenomenon that you identify, explain how it causes sea level to increase.

1) Melting of glaciers, continental ice caps = As ice melts, the amount of water in the ocean increases. 2) Melting of Antarctic ice shelves = Ice shelves are attached to continental ice and do not displace liquid water; if they break off, they will displace water and raise sea level.

4dii. Describe TWO viable strategies that governments could use to discourage people frommoving to coastal area

1) Raise property taxes in coastal areas 2) Designate the area as a preserve/reserve making it illegal to build.

6b. Describe TWO measures that have been taken to protect these species. (Specify which of the species benefited from each measure.)

1. Both are listened on CITES-protects them from hunters because they can't be legally killed 2. creation of wildlife refuges

6c. Describe TWO important characteristics of an endangered species that would cause it to be slow to recover.

1.specialized mating 2.high infant mortality rate

1ci. Calculate the current annual global increase in volume, in , of in coral reefs. Show all steps in your calculation.

2•10^11m^2 • 3•10^-3/year = 7.5•10^8 m^3 per year

4a. Based on the rate cited above, calculate the expected increase in sea level, in meters,during the next 50 years.

3.0mm/yr X 50 yrs = 150 mm = 0.15m

1cii. Calculate the current annual global increase in mass, in kg, of CaCO3 in coral reefs. Show all steps in your calculation

7.5×108 m3/year × 2×103 kg/1m3=1.5 × 10^12 kg/year

5a. Identify the type of solar radiation that is absorbed by stratospheric ozone, and describe one human health benefit that results from the absorption of this solar energy.

ABSORBED RADIATION = Ultra violet radiation. HUMAN HEALTH BENEFITS = Lower rates of sunburns, skin cancer, eye damage.

3bii. Identify an anthropogenic source that contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Burning of fossil fuels

5b. The absorption of solar energy by stratospheric ozone causes ozone molecules to undergo chemical decomposition and formation. Describe the chemical processes that lead to this natural balance between decomposition and formation of stratospheric ozone (you may use chemical equations in your answer).

Correct description of the chemical decomposition of stratospheric ozone = Ozone absorbs UV radiation, producing an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom. Correct description of the chemical formation of stratospheric ozone = An oxygen molecule reacts with an oxygen atom to form ozone

5ci. Explain the process by which CFCs lead to the destruction of stratospheric ozone. (You may use chemical equations in your answer.)

Correct description of the decomposition of CFCs = Absorption of UV radiation by CFC molecules releases chlorine atoms . Correct description of the destruction of stratospheric ozone = Chlorine atoms break down ozone molecules.

4di. Describe one negative economic impact that an increase in sea level will have on people who live along a coastline.

Damage to private property = Cost of replacement, relocation, or improved construction to reduce storm damage

1d. Identify and describe one likely negative environmental impact of the loss of coral reefs.

Loss of habitat, Elimination of a food source for marine life

3bi. Identify a greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential (GWP) that is greater than 1

Methane (CH4)

5e. Identify one negative ecological impact and one negative human health impact that result from the formation of tropospheric ozone.

NEGATIVE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT = Damages plant tissue NEGATIVE HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT = Irritates the respiratory system.

3cii. Describe one effect global climate change can have on marine organisms

Ocean warming can lead to loss of habitat for marine species.

1e. Identify one environmental problem (other than one due to ocean acidification or loss of coral reefs) that affects marine ecosystems on a global scale.

Overfishing

1b. Explain why the movement of carbon into the ocean has been increasing since 1850.

The concentration of carbon or carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased.The source of the increase in carbon or carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is theburning of fossil fuels.

5cii. Explain why the rapid decrease in CFC emissions has not led to a similarly rapid decrease in the destruction of stratospheric ozone.

The continued release of other ozone-depleting substances.

6d. Make one economic or ecological argument for protecting the condor, the whooping crane, or another endangered species that you identify and make one economic or ecological argument against protecting it.

whooping crane economic: for- tourism (birdwatching) against- goods produced have valuee cological for-niche value (trophic level)against-other species may occupy the same fundamental niche