Chapter 18: Blood Vessels
endothelium
1
subendothelial layer
2
internal elastic membrane
3
tunic media
4
external elastic membrane
5
tunic externa
6
vasa vasorum
7
dural venous sinuses
A
internal carotid artery
A
large veins
A
decrease
A drop in blood pressure tends to __________ filtration by the kidneys, which precipitates a reduction in urine formation.
false
Arteries always carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. (t/f)
A
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) falling blood volume B) rising blood volume C) increasing heart rate D) increasing stroke volume
D
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) increasing heart rate B) increasing stroke volume C) rising blood volume D) falling blood volume
C
At what point would we definitely NOT be able to measure the difference between systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure? A) muscular arteries B) elastic arteries C) capillaries D) arterioles
common carotid arteries
B
external jugular vein
B
small veins
B
inversely
Blood flow is __________ proportional to the resistance in the blood vessels.
inferior vena cava
Blood from the lower limbs drains into the __________ before returning to the heart.
blood vessel diameter
Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.
B
Choose the answer which best explains how vasoconstriction can cause increased blood pressure. A) Vasoconstriction decreases peripheral resistance (also called vascular resistance). B) Vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance (also called vascular resistance). C) Vasoconstriction decreases cardiac output. D) Vasoconstriction increases cardiac output.
dialated, constricted
During exercise, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscle to be somewhat _______________ and the blood vessels in the digestive organs to be somewhat ____________.
coronary artery
E
muscular arteries
E
vertebral vein
E
vasodialation
Laminar flow of the blood is achieved through _______.
elastic arteries
Large diameter, thick-walled arteries that are close to the heart and act as pressure reservoirs would be __________.
venous
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
large veins
Site where blood pressure is lowest and site where the blood volume is greatest.
capillaries
Site where exchanges of food and gases are made and site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest.
arterioles
Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest and site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance.
large arteries
Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest and site where the blood pressure is greatest.
away from, left ventricle
The aorta carries blood __________ the __________ of the heart.
C
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) an increase in oxygen levels B) a decrease in carbon dioxide C) changes in arterial pressure D) a decrease in oxygen levels
D
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) an increase in oxygen levels B) a decrease in oxygen levels C) a decrease in carbon dioxide D) changes in arterial pressure
diastolic
The bottom number refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats.
proteins in the blood
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.
fenestrated capillaries
The kidneys filter the blood; it is necessary for plasma, both fluid and dissolved chemicals, to be rapidly removed from the blood without the removal of larger proteins or cells. Which capillary would be best suited for this filtration?
sinusoid capillaries
The most permeable capillaries, which contain fenestrations and large intercellular clefts, are __________.
capillary; interstitial fluid
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
systolic
The top number that refers to the amount of pressure in your arteries during the contraction of your heart muscle
postcapillary venule
C
right and left brachiocephalic veins
C
subclavian artery
C
chemoreceptor reflexes
Vasomotion because of changes in pH or CO2 levels would be a result of __________
arterioles
What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?
osmotic pressure
What pressure is responsible for reabsorption and for pulling fluids into the venous end of capillaries?
muscular arteries
What type of vessel has a relatively large amount of smooth muscle compared to its elastic tissue?
capillaries
What type of vessel is capable of allowing the passage of gases and nutrients though its walls to nourish surrounding tissue?
surface area increases
When blood vessel length increases, _______.
decreases
When the radius of the flow tube is decreased, the fluid rate _______.
tunica intima
Which layer of the typical blood vessel is constructed from simple squamous epithelium?
tunic media
Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated to constrict or dilate the lumen?
net osmotic pressure
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
D
Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance? A) 10% change in vessel length B) 10% change in blood viscosity C) 10% change in cardiac output D) 10% change in vessel diameter
A
Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow? A) total blood volume B) vessel diameter C) vessel length D) blood viscosity
C
Which of the following is characteristic of veins but not arteries? A) vasa vasorum B) elastic membranes C) larger internal diameter D) large muscular tunic
C
Which of the following is involved in long-term regulation of blood pressure? A) chemoreceptor reflexes B) adrenal epinephrine release C) renal mechanisms D) carotid sinus baroreceptors
renal mechanisms
Which of the following is involved in long-term regulation of blood pressure? renal mechanisms carotid sinus baroreceptors chemoreceptor reflexes adrenal epinephrine release
D
Which of the following is true about veins? A) Veins have a smaller diameter lumen than arteries. B) Veins are more muscular than arteries. C) Veins carry blood away from the heart, while arteries carry blood to the heart. D) Veins have valves; arteries do not.
it increases when we approach puberty
Which of the following is true of blood vessel length?
C
Which of the following vessels would have the lowest blood hydrostatic pressure? A) pulmonary trunk B) aorta C) pulmonary veins D) pulmonary arteries
A
Which of the following would be interrupted in the indirect renal mechanism if angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is blocked from performing its job? A) conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II B) conversion of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen C) release of renin from the kidneys D) sympathetic nervous system activity
A (Anemia would lead to decreased blood viscosity, and thus would decrease resistance.)
Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow? A) anemia B) increasing blood vessel length C) vasoconstriction D) atherosclerosis
B
Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise? A) brain B) kidneys C) skin D) skeletal muscles
kidneys
Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise? skeletal muscles skin kidneys brain
34 mm Hg
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
elastic membranes
Which of these features is found only in arteries? lumen vasa vasorum elastic membranes valves
elastic artery
Which type of vessel is most suited to expanding and recoiling in response to the ejection of blood from the heart?
because capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable
Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds?
athlerosclerosis
a hardening of larger arteries often accompanies by a build up of plaque
vascular shunt
a large capillary vessel, known as a ___________, travels directly between arteriole and venule
hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure, can eventually damage the heart, blood vessels, and organs
activity
blood flow is redistributed during periods of high _______
constant
blood pressure is more ____ in the venous system
organs
blood vessels are fully functional _______ that can react to stimuli, protect the body, and perform complex actions
venules
capillaries unite to form ______
fenestrated capillary
capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
veins
carry blood towards the heart
respiratory pump
caused by expansion and contraction of the lungs is mostly to help with breathing but also helps increase thoracic venous pressure
muscular pumps
caused by squeezes from expanding nearby skeletal muscles lying next to veins can help to draw blood back to the heart
arterial pressure
defined as the average pressure in a patient's arteries during one cardiac cycle. It is considered a better indicator of perfusion to vital organs than systolic blood pressure
muscular arteries
deliver blood to specific body organs (and so are sometimes called distributing arteries), have the thickest tunica media, more active in vasoconstriction
permeable
describes the ability for molecules to enter/exit the cell
chemoreceptors
detect changes in pH, oxygen, content, and CO2 content in blood also control the same CIC/CAC and vasomotor complexes
baroreceptors
detect stretch in a vessel and can relay information about blood pressure to the brain
systole
during _______, pressure spikes and the aorta expands like a balloon
change in BP/resistance
flow formula
endothelial cells
form a tight waterproofish layer to stop spillage of plasma or hemocytes
elastic membranes
found in arteries to help absorb the shock of the heart beat and return the vessel to its natural size.
fenestrated capillary
have large infestations (pores) that increase permeability; occurs in areas of active filtration or absorption and areas of endocrine hormone secretion
sphincters
have the ability to tighten and limit filling of capillary beds
angiotensin II
hormone that promotes vasoconstriction, which decreases circulatory volume and raises mean arterial blood pressure.
angiotensin II
hormone that stimulates the kidneys, adrenal gland, and pituitary gland to cause vasoconstriction
pulse pressure/3 + diastolic pressure
how do you calculate the mean arterial pressure?
stimulates smooth muscle contraction
how does smoking cause hypertension?
size of blood vessels and volume of blood
if we want to change blood pressure, we can change
angiotensinogen, renin
in the event of low blood pressure, the liver produces _____ and the kidney produces _____, to great angiotensin I
hypoproteinemia
lack of blood proteins
arterioles
large arteries branch into smaller ________
collagen
large arteries hava a lot of _______, giving them stretch
SARTANS
medication that blocks the activation of angiotensin II receptors throughout the body
lungs - ACE - angiotensin II - angiotensin I - lungs
non cardiac compensation of low pressure starting with the lungs
vasoconstriction
occurs when lumen diameter decreases as the smooth muscle contracts
vasodilation
occurs when lumen diameter increases as the smooth muscle relaxes
veins
pool blood and draw it back to the heart
venous valves
prevent blood from flowing backward in veins just as valves do in the heart, and represent another adaptation to compensate for low venous pressure
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
produced in the lungs and other tissues converts circulating angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
colloid osmotic pressure
pulls fluid into the capillary
anastomoses
redundant vascular linkages that can skip capillary beds entirely or can provide alternate pathways to get to the same spot
influential
resistance is more __________ than pressure on blood flow
anastomoses
special interconnections between blood vessels
edema
swelling of tissue because too much fluid is escaping the blood to ISF
arteries
take blood AWAY from the heart
total peripheral resistance
the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels
pulse pressure
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
blood pressure
the force applied to the walls of the vessel by the fluid contained within
blood pressure
the force of the blood against the vessel wall.
blood viscosity
the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.
anastomoses
the function of _______ is to protect against a clot from blocking all the blood flow to one area
diastole, systole, diastole
the heart spends more time in _______ than _______, so the mean arteriole pressure is weighted towards the _________ pressure
venous
the hydrostatic pressure of blood (which favors filtration out of the capillary) is lowest in the __________ end of the capillary.
continuous capillary
the least permeable and most common capillary; has intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles
sinusoid capillary
the most permeable of the capillaries and occur in limited locations; occur in liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla, have incomplete basement membranes
plasma
the non-diffusible proteins in the _______ exert the colloid osmotic pressure
resistance
the opposition to the flow of fluid because of friction from the walls of the vessel or other fluid molecules
hydrostatic pressure
the pushing by water, or _____________, against a boundary can force watery fluid through a semipermeable membrane, from higher to lower pressure.
capillaries
the smallest blood vessels
arterioles
the smallest of the arteries, lead into capillary beds
perfusion (blood flow)
the speed at which molecules pass through the blood vessel
elastic artery
the thick walled arteries near the heart, the largest in diameter and the most elastic, pressure reservoirs
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.
venules
these collect blood at the end of a capillary
capillary beds
these directly service tissues
kidney regulation of pressure
this is regulated directly (w/o any management) because a higher concentration of blood means more filtrate is produced by larger hydrostatic pressure
true
water flows towards the areas of highest solute concentration (t/f)
arterial pressure
we are feeling the difference in ______ when we take a pulse
short, long
we control our blood pressure through different mechanisms, ______ term and ______ term
viscosity, length, diameter
what are the 3 things that influence the amount of resistance? (VLD)
salt intake, smoking, genetics
what causes hypertension?
autonomic nervous system
what controls blood vessels?
pressure wave, blood flow
which two waves moving through blood vessels are caused by ventricular contraction?
blood pressure
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.
aortic arch
D
elastic arteries
D
great cardiac vein
D
external carotid artery
F
internal jugular vein
F
lymphatic system
F
arterioles
G
brachiocephalic trunk
G
superior vena cava
G
ascending aorta
H
capillaries
H
vasoconstriction
How does the body decrease the blood vessel radius?
lungs
In local autoregulation of blood flow, usually low oxygen levels cause vasodilation. Which tissue shows the opposite pattern?
