chapter 18 cardiovascular system
Define electrocardiogram. (Module 18.13A) A)An electrocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. B)An electrocardiogram is a color-enhanced digital scan of the heart. C)An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart. D)An electrocardiogram is a recording of the contractile activity of the heart. E)An electrocardiogram allows physicians to see blood flow through the heart.
C)An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute. A)20,000 B)100,000 C)15,000 D)6,000 E)50,000
D)6,000
During ventricular systole, the A)pressure in the aorta remains constant. B)atria are contracting. C)pressure in the ventricles remains constant. D)AV valves are closed. E)blood is entering the ventricles.
D)AV valves are closed.
Cardiac output is increased by A)increased stroke volume. B)increased end-diastolic volume. C)more sympathetic stimulation. D)All of the answers are correct. E)None of the answers is correct
D)All of the answers are correct.
The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure. A)aortic B)right atrioventricular C)pulmonary D)left atrioventricular E)All of the answers are correct.
a. aortic
Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole? A)the peak pressure in the ventricle B)the peak pressure in the aorta C)Neither is greater
a. the peak pressure in the ventricle
The muscle layer of the heart is the A)myocardium. B)epicardium. C)parietal pericardium. D)visceral pericardium. E)endocardium.
A) myocardium
The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium. A)parietal pericardium B)endocardium C)visceral pericardium D)epicardium E)myocardium
b. endocardium
During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are electrically ________ and functionally ________. A)repolarizing; contracting B)repolarizing; relaxing C)depolarizing,; relaxing D)depolarizing; contracting E)neutral; at rest
b. repolarizing; relaxing
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers, 2. AV bundle, 3. AV node, 4. SA node, 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following? A)4, 3, 2, 5, 1 B)4, 2, 3, 5, 1 C)1, 4, 3, 2, 5 D)3, 2, 4, 5, 1 E)3, 5, 4, 2, 1
A)4, 3, 2, 5, 1
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of A)epithelial cells. B)smooth muscle cells. C)cardiac muscle cells. D)fibrocytes. E)chondrocytes.
c. cardiac muscle cells
As the heart rate slows, ________ get(s) longer. A)systole and diastole B)systole C)diastole D)None of the answers is correct.
c. diastole
The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except A)veins. B)arteries. C)nerves. D)fat. E)None of the answers is correct.
c. nerves
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the A)aorta. B)pulmonary trunk. C)right ventricle. D)pulmonary veins. E)left atrium.
c. right ventricle
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium, 2. left atrium, 3. right ventricle, 4. left ventricle, 5. venae cavae, 6. aorta, 7. pulmonary trunk, 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? A)5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6 B)5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6 C)5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6 D)1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5 E)1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6,
A)5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
Which parts of the following statement are true?The cardioacceleratory center activates sympathetic neurons and the cardioinhibitory center controls parasympathetic neurons. A)Both parts of the statement are true. B)The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false. C)Both parts of the statement are false. D)The first part of the statement is false but the second part is true.
A)Both parts of the statement are true.
The left ventricle pumps blood to the A)aorta. B)lungs. C)right ventricle. D)pulmonary circuit. E)right atrium
A)aorta.
List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A) A)atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole B)atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole C)atrial systole and ventricular systole D)ventricular systole and ventricular diastole E)atrial diastole and ventricular diastole
A)atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the A)base. B)inferior border. C)apex. D)right border. E)left border.
A)base.
The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm. A)right ventricle B)left ventricle C)left atrium D)right atrium E)right and left ventricles
A)right ventricle
Which of the following would be greater? A)the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 60 beats/minute B)the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 150 beats/minute
A)the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 60 beats/minute
Define autorhythmicity. (Module 18.12A) A)Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to respond to sympathetic stimulation. B)Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation. C)Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with hormonal stimulation. D)Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to relax after each contraction. E)Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with neural stimulation
B)Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.
Describe the location and position of the heart. (Module 18.1A) A)The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, below the diaphragm. B)The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum. C)The heart is located near the posterior chest wall, directly beside the vertebral column. D)The heart is located near the stomach in the abdominopelvic cavity. E)The heart is located near the right lateral chest wall
B)The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum.
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? (Module 18.6A) A)The left ventricle began forming earlier in development so it grew larger than the right ventricle. B)The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit,whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit. C)The left ventricle pumps a higher volume of blood to the systemic circuit than the volume of blood the right ventricle pumps to the pulmonary circuit. D)The left ventricle supplies blood to the brain and vital organs so it must be more reliable than the right ventricle which supplies blood to the limbs. E)The left ventricle is supplied with more coronary vasculature so it hypertrophies over time, whereas the right ventricle receives less blood so it atrophies over time.
B)The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.
Define mediastinum. (Module 18.2A) A)The mediastinum is the region anterior to the sternum that is pressed during cardiac pulmonary resuscitation. B)The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea. C)The mediastinum is the region from the diaphragm to the superior border or the rib cage and from each lateral side of the rib cage. D)The mediastinum is the region that contains each lung. E)The mediastinum is the serious membrane that surrounds the heart
B)The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea.
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with A)opening of the aortic valve. B)closing of the mitral valve. C)opening of the mitral valve. D)closing of the pulmonary valve. E)closing of the aortic valve
B)closing of the mitral valve.
The cavity that contains only the heart is the A)thoracic cavity. B)pericardial cavity. C)anterior cavity. D)mediastinum. E)pleural cavity.
B)pericardial cavity.
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in A)the atrioventricular node. B)the sinoatrial node. C)the Purkinje fibers. D)the wall of the left ventricle. E)both the left and right ventricles.
B)the sinoatrial node.
If the cells of the SA node failed to function, how would the heart rate be affected? (Module 18.12B) A)The heart would go into an arrhythmia because the Purkinje fibers would try to be the pacemaker. B)The heart would beat faster because the inherent rate of myocardial depolarization is faster than the SA node pacemaker. C)The heart would beat slower because the AV node would be the pacemaker. D)The heart would beat faster because the AV node would be the pacemaker. E)The heart would stop beating because the SA node was not acting as the pacemaker
C)The heart would beat slower because the AV node would be the pacemaker.
The heart is innervated by ________ nerves. A)parasympathetic B)neither parasympathetic nor sympathetic C)both parasympathetic and sympathetic D)somatomotor E)sympathetic
C)both parasympathetic and sympathetic
Cardiac output can be increased by all of the following except A)decreasing end-systolic volume. B)increasing stroke volume. C)decreasing ejection fraction. D)increasing heart rate. E)increasing ejection fraction.
C)decreasing ejection fraction
The visceral pericardium is the same as the A)mediastinum. B)endocardium. C)epicardium. D)parietal pericardium. E)myocardium.
C)epicardium.
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the A)lungs. B)intestines. C)heart. D)brain. E)liver.
C)heart.
When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then A)make the third heart sound. B)close. C)open. D)All of the answers are correct. E)None of the answers is correct
C)open.
The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the A)coronary sinus. B)inferior vena cava. C)pulmonary veins. D)superior vena cava
C)pulmonary veins.
If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen? A)regurgitation back into the superior vena cava B)regurgitation back into the pulmonary trunk C)regurgitation back into the right atrium D)regurgitation back into the aorta E)regurgitation back into the left atrium
C)regurgitation back into the right atrium
The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the A)coronary sinus. B)circumflex artery. C)right coronary artery. D)left coronary artery. E)aorta.
C)right coronary artery.
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve. A)mitral B)aortic semilunar C)tricuspid D)pulmonary semilunar E)bicuspid
C)tricuspid
Compare arteriosclerosis with atherosclerosis. (Module 18.8A) A)Arteriosclerosis is a plaque that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a blood clot that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. B)Arteriosclerosis is a blood clot that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a plaque that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. C)Arteriosclerosis is a partial blockage of coronary circulation usually caused by atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis is characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media. D)Arteriosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media. E)Arteriosclerosis is a type of atherosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media. Atherosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls
D)Arteriosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media.
________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate. A)Tachycardia; bradycardia B)Bradycardia; cardiomyopathy C)Cardiac tamponade; bradycardia D)Bradycardia; tachycardia E)None of the answers is correct
D)Bradycardia; tachycardia
Why is it important that cardiac tissue contain many mitochondria and capillaries? (Module 18.3C) A)Cardiac tissue primarily uses mitochondria for fermentation to generate ATP and capillaries provide a way to get rid of the lactic acid. B)Cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on the mitochondrial activity for the breakdown of fatty acids during beta-oxidation and the capillaries provide the fatty acids for this process. C)Cardiac tissue primarily uses mitochondria for glycolysis to generate ATP and capillaries provide the oxygen and nutrients for this process. D)Cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on mitochondrial activity to use aerobic respiration to generate ATP and capillaries provide the oxygen and nutrients for this process. E)Cardiac tissue primarily uses mitochondria for anaerobic respiration to generate ATP and capillaries get rid of the waste generated.
D)Cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on mitochondrial activity to use aerobic respiration to generate
Describe what happens to blood flow during elastic rebound. (Module 18.5D) A)Elastic rebound pushes blood from the cardiac veins into the right atrium. B)Elastic rebound is what pushes blood through the coronary arteries when the heart iscontracting. C)Elastic rebound is the speed with which the heart returns to its relaxed state after contracting. D)Elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some isforced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries. E)Elastic rebound is the contraction of the ventricles forcing blood into the outflow vessels.
D)Elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries.
List the important features of the ECG, and indicate what each represents. (Module 18.13B) A)P wave (atrial repolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization) B)P wave (atrial contraction), QRS complex (ventricular contraction), T wave (ventricular relaxation) C)P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (atrial depolarization of the next cycle) D)P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization) E)P wave (atrial repolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (atrial depolarization)
D)P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization)
Give the alternate terms for heart contraction and heart relaxation. (Module 18.9B) A)The alternate term for heart contraction is pumping and the alternate term for heart relaxationis filling. B)The alternate term for heart contraction is diastole and the alternate term for heart relaxationis systole. C)The alternate term for heart contraction is pumping and the alternate term for heart relaxationis resting. D)The alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation isdiastole. E)The alternate term for heart contraction is working and the alternate term for heart relaxationis resting.
D)The alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is diastole.
Describe the sites and actions of the cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory centers. (Module18.14B) A)The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates somatic neurons to slowheart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates somatic neurons that increase heart rate. B)The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons that slow heart rate. C)The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to slowheart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that increase heart rate. D)The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate. E)The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons to slow heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons that increase heart rate6
D)The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate.
If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected? A)The ventricles will stop beating. B)The P-R interval will be shorter. C)There will be much bigger P waves. D)The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes. E)The QRS duration will be longer
D)The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
Why is ventricular fibrillation fatal? A)Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the heart is beating to an ectopic pacemaker and the rhythm is irregular. B)Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the heart rate slows significantly and blood flow and pressure decreases. C)Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles do not relax long enough for the coronary vessels to fill with blood for the coronary tissue to receive oxygen and nutrients. D)Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation. E)Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not relax long enough to be filled with blood by the atria
D)Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation.
The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called A)ventricular diastole. B)ventricular systole. C)atrial diastole. D)atrial systole. E)None of the answers is correct.
D)atrial systole.
The ear like extension of the atrium is the A)coronary sinus. B)ventricle. C)atricle. D)auricle. E)coronary sulcus.
D)auricle.
Pacemaker cells in the SA node1 A)have a well-defined resting potential. B)are located in the left atrium. C)have an action potential identical to contractile cardiac muscle cells. D)generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium. E)are highly contractile
D)generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.
The ________ has a greater workload than the _______
D)left ventricle; right ventricle
The coronary sulcus is a groove that A)marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles. B)separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins. C)separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria. D)marks the border between the atria and ventricles. E)marks the boundary line between the right and left atria
D)marks the border between the atria and ventricles.
Contractions of the papillary muscles A)close the atrioventricular valves. B)eject blood from the atria into the ventricles. C)close the semilunar valves. D)prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria. E)eject blood from the ventricles.
D)prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the A)late diastolic filling phase. B)dicrotic phase. C)atrial systole. D)ventricular ejection of ventricular systole. E)early diastolic filling phase.
D)ventricular ejection of ventricular systole.
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents A)atrial depolarization. B)atrial repolarization. C)ventricular contraction. D)ventricular repolarization. E)ventricular depolarization
D)ventricular repolarization.
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to A)decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane. B)movement of fewer sodium ions across the cell membrane into the cell. C)increased membrane permeability to potassium ion. D)voltage-gated calcium channels remaining open. E)increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.
D)voltage-gated calcium channels remaining open.
Define cardiac regurgitation. (Module 18.7A) A)Cardiac regurgitation is the flow of blood into the ventricles during atrial contraction. B)Cardiac regurgitation is the flow of blood back into the right and left atria from the veins. C)Cardiac regurgitation is the back flow of blood into the ventricles from the outflow vessels when the ventricles relax. D)Cardiac regurgitation is the flow of blood from the ventricles into the outflow vessels. E)Cardiac regurgitation is the back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.
E)Cardiac regurgitation is the back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.
Compare the anterior cardiac veins to the posterior vein of the left ventricle. (Module 18.5B) A)The anterior cardiac veins drain the right atrium and right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the left atrium and left ventricle. B)The anterior cardiac veins drain the left and right ventricles; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the left and right atria. C)The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of all chambers; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the posterior surface of all chambers. D)The anterior cardiac veins drain the left and right atria; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the left and right ventricles. E)The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery (posterior surface of the left ventricle)
E)The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery (posterior surface of the left ventricle)
Describe the areas of the heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. (Module 18.5A) A)The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left atrium, left ventricle, the conducting system, and interventricular septum. B)The right coronary artery supplies blood to the conducting system and interventricular septum. The left coronary artery supplies blood to all four chambers. C)The right coronary artery supplies blood to left atrium and portions of both ventricles. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, the conducting system, and interventricular septum. D)The right coronary artery supplies blood to all four chambers. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the conducting system and interventricular septum. E)The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium,and interventricular septum.
E)The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.
Stroke volume depends on all of the following except A)the contractility of the ventricle. B)cardiac output. C)the pressure required to pump blood into the aorta. D)end-diastolic volume. E)end-systolic volume.
E)end-systolic volume.
Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the A)pons. B)hypothalamus. C)thalamus. D)higher centers. E)medulla oblongata.
E)medulla oblongata.
The mitral valve closing is associated with all of the following except A)when the right ventricle pressure exceeds the right atrial pressure. B)at the beginning of ventricular systole. C)at the same time at the tricuspid valve. D)when left ventricular pressure exceeds left atrial pressure. E)when the left atrial pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure
E)when the left atrial pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure
Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in theUnited States. A)60 B)30 C)20 D)25 E)50
e. 50
Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase? A)muscarinic receptor B)beta-two receptor C)alpha-one receptor D)preganglionic E)beta-one receptor
e. beta-one receptor
Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output A)much higher than B)much lower than C)somewhat higher than D)somewhat lower than E)equal to
e. equal to
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk A)superior vena cava B)pulmonary veins C)inferior vena cava D)aorta E)pulmonary valve
e. pulmonary valve
