Chapter 18: Connect Homework

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Secretin

-potentiates the effects of acetycholine on the acinar cells through the action of cyclic AMP as a second messenger -secreted in response to a decrease duodenal pH below 4.5 -stimulates the production and secretion of bicarbonate into the pancreatic juice -stimulates the bile duct cells to secrete bicarbonate into the bile

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

-stimulates trypsin, lipase, and amylase from the pancreas -stimulates acinar cells using a rise in cytoplasmic calcium as a second messenger -stimulated in response to protein and fat content in chyme -secretion continues until chyme passes through the duodenum and in the early region of the jejunum

the combination of chewed food and saliva is called

a bolus

Acidic chyme is buffered by ________ secreted from the pancreas.

bicarbonate

the negative feedback control of HCI secretion in the gastric phase of gastric regulation is mainly by ______ secretion

both decrease in gastrin secretion and increase in somatostatin secretion are correct

the outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called

haustra

bile pigment is a derivative of

heme group without iron

bile is produced by

hepatocytes

If plasma levels of ________ were low, excessive cholesterol may be deposited throughout the body tissues, and cardiovascular risk could increase.

high-density lipoprotein

antihistamines would directly limit the gastric secretion of

hydrochloric acid

the _____ reflex inhibits gastric motility

ileogastric

vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the ____

ileum

vitamin b12 is primarily absorbed in the

ileum

enterogastrone will _____ gastric function

inhibit

The arrival of chyme in the duodenum stimulates a neural reflex that inhibits gastric activity

intestinal phase

The ENS also contains _______ afferent neurons that do not synapse with neurons in the spinal cord

intrinsic

The _______ afferent neurons greatly outnumber the ______ emphasizing the importance of local control of intestinal function

intrinsic, extrinsic

Which of the following are heptic phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system?

kupffer cells

which of the following are heptic phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system

kupffer cells

bile duct

label 1

general circulation

label 1

serosa

label 1

Gallbladder

label 10

common bile duct

label 11

liver

label 12

fat droplets (triglycerides)

label 2

kidney

label 2

longitudinal muscle

label 2

circular muscle

label 3

emulsified fat droplets

label 3

hepatic portal vein

label 3

Urobilinogen in urine

label 4

monoglycerides

label 4

muscularis

label 4

Urobilinogen in feces

label 5

micelles

label 5

villi

label 5

free fatty acids

label 6

lacteal

label 6

urobilinogen

label 6

bacteria

label 7

mucosa

label 7

Bilirubin

label 8

submucosa

label 8

small intestine

label 9

essential for hydrolysis of triglycerides

lipase

lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ____ and ____

lipase; bile

which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description

mastication- removal of wastes

which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?

mastication-removal of wastes

Broken apart by the brush border for absorption

mixed micelles

in which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur?

mouth and duodenum

Damage to which tunic of the GI tract would directly affect Auerbach's plexus?

muscularis

The ENS is organized into an outer ______ plexus and an inner _______ plexus located only in the small and large intestine.

myenteric, submucosal

movement of water out the large intestine is by

osmosis

the enzyme with the most basic pH optimum is

pancreatic lipase

helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with

peptic ulcers

Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called______

peristalsis

inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions would result in

presence of an acidic chyme

what is the function of paneth cells of the small intestine

produce lysozyme and defensins

most of the glucose is absorbed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine by

secondary active transport with Na+

the mixing movement of the small intestine is called

segmentation

Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep.

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Reformed within the epithelial cells

triglycerides

Excess use of antibiotics can kill the normal intestinal microflora and open a niche for pathogenic bacteria.

true

Micelles, made of bile salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify fats and dissolve in water.

true

The peptidase category of enzymes includes aminopeptidase and enterokinase.

true

There are significantly more microbiota in the large intestine than there are cells in the entire human body

true

medications that block HCI secretion may impact the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

true

some intestinal microbiota produce short-chain fatty acids, which account for about 10% of the calories in a Western diet.

true

the brush border enzymes that digest sugars include sucrase, maltase, and lactase

true

the enzyme activity of the phosphatase category of brush border enzymes may be regulated by vitamin D

true

the low pH provided by HCI secretion allows the pepsin enzyme to be freed from pepsinogen enzymes

true

the vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function

true

the primary function of the large intestine is

water and electrolyte reabsorption

pepsin would have the greatest activity

when the pH of the chyme is less than 3

somatostatin is produced in the stomach by ___ cells

D

protection against atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with an elevated

HDL-cholestorol

the stomach churns food into a pastry material is called

chyme

the stomach churns food into a pasty material is called

chyme

juandice is characterized by high blood levels of _____, often caused by obstruction of the bile duct by gallstones

conjugated bilirubin

Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by

contransport with Na+

The ENS contains _______ afferent neurons which are regulated by the ANS

extrinsic

Brush border enzymes are secreted into the lumen, where they become activated

false

HCI secretion is necessary in order for pepsin to complete the final steps of protein digestion

false

alkaline phosphate is necessary for the activation of the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin.

false

both pepsin and HCI are enzymes necessary to begin protein digestion

false

intestinal microbiota are generally not beneficial to digestive processes, such as absorption

false

the commensal microbiota in the intestines are not usually present at birth but are acquired through infections and ingestion of bacteria

false

amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the ______ phase of gastric secretion

gastric

Stomach distension stimulates vagus nerve, resulting in acid secretion; amino acids and peptides in stomach stimulate acid secretion

gastric phase

which hormone stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCI release from parietal cells

gastrin

Which of the following disorders occurs as a result of acidic gastric juice traveling up into the esophagus

gastroesophageal reflux disease

what is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border?

activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin

the first line of defense in the stomach against damaging acid and pepsin is the

adherent layer of mucus

What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall?

alcohol and aspirin

slow waves of the intestine are produced by what type of cells

cajal

sight, smell, and taste of food cause stimulation of vagus nuclei; vagus stimulates gastric acid secretion

cephalic phase

Ultimately enters the venous system

chylomicrons

The _______ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin

enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells

trypsin is activated by the enzyme ______

enterokinase


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