chapter 18 endocrine
________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) Antigens
a
) Cushing's disease results from an excess of A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone. C) ADH. D) glucocorticoids. E) epinephrine.
d
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.
d
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.
d
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol
d
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water retention.
d
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) testosterone. E) melatonin.
d
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.
d
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) thyroid hormone. D) cAMP. E) progesterone.
d
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids.
d
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too A) much insulin. B) little TSH. C) much ACTH. D) much androgen production. E) little glucagon.
d
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.
d
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.
d
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.
d
The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.
d
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
d
The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.
d
The suprarenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) corticosteroids.
d
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16
d
Thyroid hormone contains the element A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc.
d
Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes A) goiter. B) diabetes mellitus. C) diabetes insipidus. D) Addison's disease. E) Cushing's disease.
d
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine
d
Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclic AMP E) TSH
d
) Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? A) thyroglobulins B) mineralocorticoids C) pancreatic hormones D) antidiuretic hormones E) glucocorticoids
e
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.
e
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. C) the level of fatty acids in the blood. D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. E) ACTH levels.
e
All of the following are true of the nervous system except that it does not A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.
e
An activated G protein can trigger A) the activation of adenyl cyclase. B) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. C) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. D) a fall in cAMP levels. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of an ion like calcium B) blood level of glucose C) blood level of a hormone D) nervous stimuli E) All of the answers are correct
e
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. A) cellular B) tissue C) organ D) organismic E) All of the answers are correct.
e
If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH and OXT E) TSH, ACTH, PRL
e
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C) myxedema. D) high blood levels of TSH. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia A) during pregnancy. B) in very young children. C) during fetal development. D) in some disease processes. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C) eicosanoids D) thyroid E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
e
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) GH. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones. A) inhibition B) synthesis C) release D) inhibition and secretion E) synthesis and release
e
The hormone oxytocin A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) triggers prostate gland contraction. D) is produced in the hypothalamus. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
The hypophyseal portal system A) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. B) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. C) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. D) carries ADH and oxytocin. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D) STH. E) ADH.
e
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) somatotropin.
e
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.
e
When adenyl cyclase is activated, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is produced. E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed
e
Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) calcitriol E) insulin and epinephrine
e
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) increased oxygen consumption B) increased heart rate C) increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation D) increased body temperature E) All of the answers are correct.
e
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) prostate B) ductus deferens C) mammary glands D) uterus E) All of the answers are correct.
e
A hormone might A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it. B) depolarize a skeletal muscle cell. C) interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse. D) inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell. E) block the production of a cell membrane
a
A kinase is an enzyme that performs A) phosphorylation. B) as a membrane channel. C) active transport. D) protein synthesis. E) as an antibody.
a
A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). A) one B) two C) hypothalamic D) gonadotropic E) tropic
a
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they A) are produced by the suprarenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.
a
All target cells A) have hormone receptors. B) respond to electrical signals. C) secrete hormones. D) produce their own hormones. E) are in the blood
a
Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results? A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss of emotional response E) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion
a
PRL is to ________ as ADH is to ________. A) prolactin; vasopressin B) oxytocin; mammotropin C) gonadotropin; mammotropin D) oxytocin; cortisol
a
Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the suprarenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.
a
The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all the following steps except A) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane. B) transport into the target cell. C) binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein. D) activation of a specific gene. E) activation of a G protein.
a
The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation. A) endocrine B) pancreatic C) homeostatic D) hepatic E) vascular
a
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) none; only extra fluids are needed. E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.
a
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic
a
The main action of antidiuretic hormone is A) increased water conservation by kidneys. B) to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin. C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid. D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption. E) inhibition of aldosterone
a
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
a
The term used to describe excess production of urine is A) polyuria. B) polydipsia. C) hematuria. D) glycosuria. E) diabetes insipidis.
a
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
a
Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) acetylcholine
a
Why is it that steroid hormones use receptors inside of target cells, whereas protein, peptide, and amino acid hormones do not? A) Steroids can cross the cell membrane because they are lipids and the membrane is lipid. B) Amino acids and peptide hormones do not have a 3 dimensional structure that can bind to internal receptors. C) Cells are full of steroid molecules so it is easy for steroid molecules to enter. D) The target cells affected by steroid hormones have all of their receptors in the cell cytoplasm. E) All of the answers are correct.
a
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH.
b
Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except A) FSH. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D) corticotropin. E) somatotropin.
b
If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose? A) growth hormone B) glucagon C) cortisol D) thyroxine E) leptin
b
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of A) hyperthyroidism. B) hypothyroidism. C) hyperparathyroidism. D) hypoparathyroidism. E) diabetes insipidus.
b
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones A) synephrine and neosynephrine. B) epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone. D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and cortisol.
b
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) glucagon.
b
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.
b
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
b
The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.
b
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
b
Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress? A) thyroid B) adrenal (suprarenal) C) pituitary D) pancreas E) thymus
b
Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? A) sodium B) iodine C) potassium D) iron E) colloid
b
Which of the following is not an action of TSH? A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells E) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells
c
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.
c
A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin
c
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine
c
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.
c
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.
c
Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.
c
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes insipidus.
c
Growth hormone does all of the following except A) promote bone growth. B) promote muscle growth. C) speed up metabolism. D) spare glucose. E) promote amino acid uptake by cells
c
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? A) increase of insulin B) decrease of insulin C) increase of blood glucose D) decrease of blood glucose E) both an increase in insulin and an increase in glucose
c
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol
c
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.
c
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys
c
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) antidiuretic hormone. B) calcitonin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin.
c
Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) act on target cells by turning on genes. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
c
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.
c
The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.
c
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
c
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
c
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.
c
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.
c
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? A) in lysosomes B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle D) in pinocytotic vesicles E) in apical microvilli
c
Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration? A) alpha cells B) osteoclasts C) osteoblasts D) C cells E) All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells.
c