Chapter 18: European Power and Expansion

Bill of Rights (1689)

A bill passed by parliament and accepted by William and Mary that limited the powers of British Monarchs and affirmed those of parliamnet

Constitutionalism

A form of government in which power is limited by the law and balanced between the authority and the power of the government, one the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen. Includes constitutional Monarchies and republics,

Republicanism

A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through selected representatives.

Council of Trent

A general council for the church that met from 1545-1563. It was a product of the Catholic Reformation. It laid the basis for spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church.

Thirty Years War

A large-scale conflict extending from 1618-1648 that pitted Protestants against Catholics in Central Europe, but also involved dynastic interests, notably of Spain and France. Most destruct conflict in Central Europe until the World Wars.

Absolutism

A political system common to early modern Europe in which monarchs claimed exclusive power to make and enforce laws without checks by other institutions. Kings thought they were only responsible to God.

Protestant Reformation

A religious reform movement that began in the early 16th century and split the Western Catholic Church. There were religious, political, and social factors such as immorality and ignorance. It was an external reform.

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state derived from the belief that a nation's international power based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.

Catholic Reformation

An internal reformation that gave equality to scriptures and sources of traditional truth. There was a new emphasis on preaching. Schools and seminars were created to teach young men.

Sovereignty

Authority of states that possess a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries and in which private armies present no threat to central control. Important advance in Europe. Self governing state

Versialles

City in France. It was the center of political, cultural, and social life in Europe. It helped form the cosmopolitan French society. Started the palace building phenomenon in Europe

Jamestown

English Colony in 1607. Only survived because of its tobacco production. First successful English Colony in Virginia.

Roanoke

First English colony in 1585. It was unsuccessful. It was where North Carolina now is

Plymouth Rock/New England

Founded in 1620. Puritans founded it to escape Angelican persecution and have religious freedom. Colony struggled quite a bit.

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies living on the boarders of Russian territory from the 14th to the 16th century. They formed an alliance with Russians. Serfs flocked to them

Louis XIV

He became king at 4 years old. He strongly believed in the Divine Right of Kings. He ruled through several councils making the decisions. 200,000 people fled during his leadership and his reign was 33 years of war.

Peter the Great

He expanded Russia. He made it more technologically advanced. He started a university to help create experts. He won the great Northern war. He helped westernize Russia and made it power in the Baltic as well in Europe as a whole.

Oliver Cromwell

He was a general for parliament. He captured the king, won the war, and became dictator. He allowed all forms of christianity except Catholicism. He reconquered Ireland. Died in 1660

Puritans

Members of a 16th-17th century reform movement within the church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements such as bishops, elaborate ceremonies, and rings.

Navigation Acts

Mid-17th century English mercantilist laws that greatly restricted other countries' rights to trade with England and its colonies. Economic war created by Oliver Cromwell

Ivan the Great

Muscovite Prince. Expanded the principality of Moscow. Claimed large amounts of territory to the North and east to the Siberian frontier. Rebelled against the Mongols.

William and Mary

Protestant daughter of James II. She ruled with her Dutch husband who was a lord of Orange. Parliament had most of the power when the ruled and passed the Bill of Rights (1689).

Peace of Westphalia

The Treaty that was signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years War. It ended all wars fought on religious belief. Made Calvinism an accepted religion.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief propagated by absolutionist monarchs that they derived their power from God and were only answerable to him. Louis XIV was the definition of this.

Moral Economy

The early modern European view that community needs predominated competition and profit and that necessary goods should thus be sold at a fair price. This was created because of the economic crisis in the 17th century.

Charles I

The king who dealt with the Puritan problem. He did not call parliament for 11 years. This led to an act forcing the king to parliament. He led one side of the English Civil war and was beheaded on July 30, 1649.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

This war ended the Monarchy in England. During the war parliament had their own army and the king had his. Lead to a military dictatorship.

Glorious Revolution

This was when the Divine Right of Kings/Monarchy idea was destroyed. It ended when James II and his wife fled England. It revolved around the Bill of Rights.