Chapter 18 (history)

Ellis Island

1) 10 million people between 1860-1890 2. HAD TWO WAVES OF IMMIGRATES: a) those from northern and western Europe b) those from Southern and Eastern Europe

Jacob riis

1. A Danish immigrant and New York newspaper reporter and photographer 2. He shocked many middle class Americans with his sensational descriptions and pictures of tenement life in his 1890 book "How the other half lives" 3. Said slum dwellings were almost universally sunless, practically airless, and poisoned by summer stretches 4. Favored, along with other reformers and that government sometimes adopted was to raze slum dwellings without building any new or better housing to replace them

What new experiences did cities offer that rural areas did not

1. Cities gave women the opportunity to act in ways that in smaller communities would have been seen to violate "propriety" (the rules of behavior that conventionally are considered to be correct) 2. They gave gay men and lesbian women space in which to build a culture (even if still a mostly hidden one) and experiment seually at least partly insulated from the hostile gaze of others 3. Cities attracted people because they offered more and better-paying jobs than were available in rural America or in the foreign economies many immigrants were fleeing

How were the immigrants forced into slums

1. Crowded cities lead to middle class creating suburbs in order to be further away from the crowded city and the "undesirables" 2. The poor immigrants lived in the cities (giant slums) 3. New immigrants could not afford rent in suburbs, but can in cities because of the cost of the property values

What issues did the immigrants face when they came to the United States?

1. Culture Shock 2. Discrimination and Prejudice

What were the places of access for the immigrates to enter the United States

1. Ellis Island 2. Angel Island 3. Through the United States border with Mexico and Canada

Immigrant restriction league

1. Founded in Boston by five Harvard alumni 2.It was dedicated to the belief that immigrants should be screened, through literacy tests and other standards designed to separate the desirable from the undesirable 3. The league avoided the crude conspiracy theories and rabid xenophobia of the American Protective Association 4. It's sophisticated nativism made it possible for many educated middle class people to support the restrictionist cause

American protective association

1. Henry Bowers, a self educated lawyer obsessed with a hatred of Catholics and foreigners founded it 2. It is a group committed to stopping the immigrant tide 3. By 1894, membership in the organization reached 500,000 with chapters in the Northeast and Midwest

What were the immigrants coping mechanisms

1. Hyphenated Americans--torn between 2. Ghetto/ethnic clusters 3. assimilation (Americanize)

How did Nativism come about in the United States

1. INCREASED FEAR IN "UNDESIRABLES" CORRUPTING OUR VALUES a) Some people reacted against the immigrants out of generalized fears and prejudices, seeing in their "foreignness" the source of all the disorder and corruption of the urban world b) UNION STRIKE VIOLENCE A) Nativist reacted the Haymarket strike, which was mostly a strike of immigrant workers calling to get rid of the "scum and undesirables of Europe" d) ANARCHISTS, SOCIALISTS, COMMUNISTS A) they are crazy, do not let them in 2. INCREASED COMPETITION FOR JOBS LEADS TO VIOLENCE a) There was a large supply of unskilled workers other native laborers were often incensed by the willingness of the immigrants to accept lower wages and to take over the jobs of the strikers b) Some employers hired competing race groups as scab workers to cause the violence c) Wages couldn't increase because their was such a huge supply of workers and the results were only more violence

Frederick law Olmsted and clavert vaux

1. In the late 1850s designed Central Park 2. They deliberately created a public space that would look as little like the city as possible 3. They created a space that seemed to be natural even though almost all of Central Park was carefully designed and constructed Central park was from the start one of the most popular and admired public spaces in the world and as a result 4. OLMSTED AND VAUX WERE RECRUITED TO DESIGN OTHER GREAT PARKS AND PUBLIC SPACES IN OTHER CITIES: BROOKLYN, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO, AND WASHINGTON D.C.

what happened to the United States at the end of the 19th century

1. In the late 19th century, the United States was shifted from agrarian republic to an urban nation 2. The changes brought by Industrialization and commercialization affected the growth of cities the most and lead to THE CREATION OF AN URBAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

What were the quotas on Asians like?

1. More taxes on Asians than on W.A.S.P. a) Chinese worked harder than white people and got more work complete in less time and worked for less money b) They were smart and went into businesses that white guys didn't want to do like laundry c) Laundry was needed out west because their was not a lot of women willingly to do traditional female work 2. Asians became successful and drove the white people out of business a) They were given taxes for working hard to make more money 3. CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT: 4. GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT

Americanization movement

1. Nativist organized in late 19th century and started this movement 2. Came to the realization that they were stuck with immigrants, so they decided to americanize and assimilate immigrants 3. Most tried to assimilate, but a few stubborn immigrants didn't 4. American Protective Association: 5. Immigration Restriction League:

chinese exclusion act

1. Nativist were scared that the new Chinese immigrant, who were desperate for money and would work harder for less money, would take native born Americans jobs and lowered wages. 2. In 1882, Congress had responded to strong anti-Asian sentiment in California and elsewhere and restricted Chinese immigration, even though Chiese made up only 1.2 % f the population of the West Coast 3. THE QUOTA WAS ZERO a) Chinese-Americans were only permitted to see family back home once b) Exceptions: teachers and doctors were let into the country, but everyone else was no longer allowed in c) Remained in place until 1930 because by then we were allies with China

Why did rural women migrate to the cities

1. Opportunities in the farm economy were limited 2. As farms grew larger, more commercial, and more mechanized, they became increasingly male preserves; and since much of the workforce on many farms consisted of unskilled and transient workers there were FEWER FAMILY UNITS THAN BEFORE 3. Farm women once had been essential for making clothes and other household goods, but those goods were now available in stores or through catalogs 4. Hundreds of thousands of women moved to the cities, therefore, in search of work and community

What were some of the problems that resulted from rapid urbanization

1. Overcrowding so any attempt at reform had problems with infrastructure 2. Most immigrant are from the U.S. or elsewhere and are used to agrarian society a) they still live like it which causes filth in cities 3. Housing in Tenements for the poor 4. Middle class creates suburban areas that are still too crowed

What were the results of nativism

1. PRESSURE FOR LEGISLATION FOR: a_ English b) Toughen up the literacy tests/physicals to get in A) Immigrants must read at a first grade level in their native language B) Physical tests included inspection for STDs and Tuberculous C) If infected, the immigrant was treated at a hospital and if it was determined that they would not be able to receive treatment, the immigrant was sent back on a boat c) Quotas and taxes on certain undesirables entering d) Forced into slums 2. AMERICANIZATION MOVEMENT 3. Quotas and taxes on Asians 4. Eventually the development of the melting pot

What was the solution to the overcrowed suburbs for the middle class

1. ROW HOUSES a) houses that were built right next to each other and shared a wall b) They were two story homes with no yard and they were cheap homes for the middle class and provided modern appliances 2. STREET CARS a) public transportation that runs up and down the street from the suburban areas to the city b) First pulled by a horse and buggy then became electric c) Eventually replaced by busses, and subways

What was the agenda of the nativist

1. Reduce number of immigrants 2. Educate immigrants 3. Quick fighting inter-racial marriages 4. Make sure they understand that they are American (socially and politically made W.A.S.P. by movement)

Why is escaping from oppression and persecution a main push factor

1. STILL STRAINED RESOURCES IN EUROPE AS POPULATIONS GREW 2. SPIRIT OF REBELLION IN EUROPE a) People sense that World War I is coming and want to leave before violence/war breaks out 3. MOVEMENT ALL OVER THE WORLD DUE TO INCREASED TRAVEL OPPORTUNITIES, NOT JUST IN THE U.S. a) The United States might have been second or third attempt to get away b) New forms of transportation made it easier for them to get there c) Railroads made simple, quick, and inexpensive what once was a daunting journey from parts of the American countryside to nearby cities d) The development of large, steam-powered ocean liners created a highly competitive shipping industry, allowing Europeans and Asians to cross the oceans to America much more cheaply and quickly than they had in the past 4. INCREASE IN THE URBAN POPULATION (LURE OF THE CITY) a) In 1800, the nation had very few significant cities and the population clustered largely along the eastern seaboard b) in 1900, larger area of the United States had consistent areas of settlement, and many more of those areas consisted of towns and cities (including Chicago, New York and Philadelphia) with populations of over a million and a considerable number of other cities with 100,000 or more people c) There is still a lot of land in the West with very light settlement or no settlement

What was the sanitation problems? How were they fixed

1. STREETS SEWER RAIN/RAW SEWAGE: a) Rain sewage (human waste) used to go into rivers, which were the water source b) This caused the spread of diseases c) This problem had been going on for centuries, but in rural areas so the issues were more contained and less wide spread as of now with the mass amount of people 2. GARBAGE/ DEAD CARCASSES: a) Dead animals were left on the streets b) Now cities hire people to remove the dead carcasses and garbage to clean up the streets 3. FECES: a) PROBLEM: Privies (out houses with a hole that goes straight to the ground b) Feces would seem into the ground water, which was being pumped from the well to use for consumption c) THIS CAUSED PLAGUES AND DISEASES TO SPREAD d) SOLUTION: Get rid of the prives and develop flush toilets and sewage systems e) BY 1910, MOST LARGE AMERICAN CITIES HAD CONSTRUCTED SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, OFTEN AT GREAT COST, TO PROTECT THE DRINKING WATER OF THEIR INHABITANTS AND TO PREVENT THE GREAT BACTERIAL PLAGUES THAT IMPURE WATER HAD HELP CREATE IN THE PAST

How was urban poverty created

1. The expansion of the cities created widespread and often desperate poverty 2. Despite the rapid growth of urban economies, the sheer number of new residents ensured that many people would be unable to earn enough for a decent subsistence 3. Public agencies and prate philanthropic organizations offered very limited relief a) They were generally dominated by middle class people who tended to believe that too much assistance would breed dependency and that poverty was the fault of the poor themselves b) A RESULT OF LAZINESS OR ALCOHOLISM OR OTHER KINDS OF IRRESPONSIBILITY c) Most tried to restrict aid to the deserving poor- those who truly could not help themselves (at least according to the standards of the organizations themselves which conducted elaborate investigations to separate the deserving from the undeserving

What was the population of urban cities during this time

1. The population of some major urban areas consisted of a majority of foreign born immigrants and their children: a) 87% of the population of Chicago b) 80% in New York c) 84% in Milwaukee and Detroit d) London was the largest industrial city in Europe and it was 94% native e) New York had more Irish than Dublin and more Germans than Hamburg f) Chicago eventually had more Poles than Warsaw 2. The diversity of the new immigrant populations In other countries, most new arrivals were coming from one or two sources 3. In the United States, NO SINGLE NATIONAL GROUP DOMINATED 4. In the last 4 decades of the 19th century, substantial groups arrived from a) Italy b) Germany c) Poland d) Greece, e) Canada, f) Japan, g) Holland, h) China, i) Mexico j) many more 5. In some towns, a dozen different ethnic groups found themselves living in close proximity

Did the Mexicans and Canadians need passports to cross the border?

1. There was no border wall or border security 2. Free to cross back and forth because there were zero major security concerns at the border- unlike today

How did the Businesses react to the strikes

1. Un-american propaganda 2. Enlist government help 3. Yellow dog agreement 4. Blacklist 5. injunction 6. use of scab labor as strikebreakers 7. Lockouts

Where did the upper class live?

1. Upper class created FASHION DISTRICTS: mansions and large homes with beautiful neighborhoods that the rich occupied b) A place where the upper and middle class could mingle and the poor were forbidden from entering

What did urbaization do to cause air pollution

1. air quality in many cities was poor as well 2. Few Americans had the severe problems that London experienced in these years with its perpetual "fogs" created by the debris from the burning of soft coal 3. But air pollution from factories and from stoves and furnaces in offices and homes and other buildings was constant and at times severe 4. The incidence of respiratory infection and related diseases was much higher in cities than it was in non-urban areas and it accelerated rapidly in the late 19th century 5. BY THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY, REFORMERS WERE ACTIVELY CRUSADING TO IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF CITIES AND WERE BEGINNING TO ACHIEVE SOME NOTABLE SUCCESSES

What role did the ghettos play in helping immigrants become absorbed in the economic life of american

1. clear that some ethnic groups (Jews and Germans) advanced economically more rapidly than others (like the Irish) 2. Reason 1: by huddling together in ethnic neighborhoods, immigrant groups tended to reinforce the cultural values of their previous societies 3. When those values were well suited to economic advancement in an industrial society (like the high value Jews placed on education) ethnic identification ma have helped members of a group to improve their lots 4. If other values predominated, like maintaining community solidarity, sustaining family ties, or preserving order, progress could be less rapid

City Planning

1. in the 18th and 19th century, cities had grown up haphazardly with little central planning 2. By the mid-19th century, reformers planners, architects, and others began to call for a more ordered vision of the city a) the result was the self conscious creation of public spaces and public services 3. GREAT URBAN PARKS REFLECTED THE DESIRE OF A GROWING NUMBER OF URBAN LEADERS TO PROVIDE AN ANTIDOTE TO THE CONGESTION OF THE CITY LANDSCAPE 4. Cities were also creating great public buildings: a) LIBRARIES, ART GALLERIES, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS, THEATERS, CONCERT HALLS, AND OPERA HOUSES b) New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art was only the largest and best known of many great museums taking shape in the late 19th century; others were created in such cities as Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C. New and lavid public libraries appeared as if to confirm the city's role as a center of learning and knowledge 5. WEALTH RESIDENTS of cities were the principal force behind the creation of the great public buildings and at times even parks a) As their own material and social aspirations grew, they wanted the public life of the city to provide them with amenities to match their expectations b) Becoming an important patron of a major cultural institution was an especially effective route to offering the joys of pure air, peacefulness, quietude, and natural scenery 6. BAD FOR THE POOR: GOT KICKED OUT OF THEIR HOMES TO MAKE THE CITY MORE BEAUTIFUL

What did urbanization do to environmental degration

1. modern notions of environmentalism were unknown to most Americans into the late 19th century and early 20th, but the environmental degradation of many American cities was as isible and disturbing fact of life in those years 2. The frequency of great fires, dangers of disease and plague, and the extraordinary crowding of working class neighborhoods were all examples of the environmental costs of industrialization and rapid urbanization

Alice Hamilton

1. physician who became an investigator for the U.S. Bureau of Labor was a pioneer IN IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTION IN THE WORKPLACE 2. She documented ways in which improper disposal of such potentially dangerous substances as lead, chemical waste, and ceramic dust was creating widespread sickness 3. She was one of the first physicians to identify lead poisoning 4. Despite considerable resistance from many factory owners, she did bring such problems to public attention ,and in some states at least inspired legislation to require manufacturers to solve them

Why did African Americans migrate to the cities

1. southern blacks were also beginning what would be a nearly century-long exodus from the countryside into the cities 2. Their withdrawal was a testament to the poverty, debt, violence, and oppression African Americans encountered in the late 19th century rural South 3. The opportunities they found in cities were limited 4. Factory jobs were blacks were rare, and professional opportunities almost nonexistent 5. Urban blacks tended to work as cooks, janitors, domestic servants, and in other low paying service occupations 6. Because many such jobs were considered women's work, black women often outnumbered black men in the cities 7. By the end of the 19th century, there were substantial African American communities (10,000 people or more) in over thirty cities (many of them in the South but some in New York City, Chicago, Washington D.C., and Baltimore) in the North or in the in border states more substantial African American migration was to come during World War I and after, but the black communities established in the late 19th century paved the way for the great population movements of the future

Where were people in the U.S. migrating to in the late 19th century

1. the late 19th century became the age of unprecedented geographic mobility, as Americans left the declining agricultural regions of the East at a dramatic rate, as a result of urbanization 2. Some who left were moving to the newly developed formlands of the West, but many were moving to the cities of the East and Midwest

What were the strains between men and women as a result of assimilation

1. the urge to assimilate put a strain of relations between men and women in immigrant communities 2. Many foreign born came from cultures in which women were more subordinate to men and more fully lodged within the family, than most women in the U.S. 3. In some immigrant cultures, parents expected to arrange their children's marriages and to control almost every moment of their daughter's lives until marriage 4. Many immigrant women and American born daughters of immigrants began to work outside the home and to develop friendships, interests, and attachments outside the family either by choice or economic necessity 5. THE RESULTS ADJUSTMENTS MADE TO THE OLD CULTURE TO THE NEW AND MORE FLUID LIFE OF THE AMERICAN CITY AND OFTEN CONSIDERABLE TENSION IN THE PROCESS 6. There was not a collapse of the family centered cultures of the immigrant communities which were very durable

What was the low income housing planning

1. tore down the tenements and build more up to date housing 2. Apartments that had flash toilets was the requirement 3. DUMBBELL TENEMENTS increase ventilation a) A New York state law of 1870 required a window in every bedroom of tenements built after that date; DEVELOPERS COMPILED BY ADDING SMALL, SUNLESS AIR SHAFTS TO THEIR BUILDINGS

What was the propaganda used by the businesses against the unions

1.RADICALS/EXTREMISTS/ACTIVISTS a) Name calling that was a part of the propaganda b) No appropriate names name called so others will agree with you cause you make the other side sound bad 2. unions wanted the government to intervene which is in direct violation of our American free market 3. We are suppose to rise up (as self made men) and the unions want to change the system to go back to free labor 4. Propaganda is put out through the media a) They tell one sided stories so people will think the way they do 4. CALLED THEM ANARCHISTS, SOCIALISTS, AND COMMUNISTS a) they must be crazy because this is what they believe

1st wave of immigration

1ST WAVE: FROM WEST AND NORTH EUROPE 1. 1860 (Civil War) to 1890 most immigrants from WEST EUROPE (North too, called West). a) Germany 28%, b) Ireland 18%, c) France, d) UK 15%, e) Scandinavia 11% f) Eastern Europe only 6%

2nd wave of immigration

2ND WAVE FROM SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE: 1. After 1890, begin shift to add South & East Europe - a) Italy, b) Poland, c) Balkans, d)Russia, e) Slovak regions 2. by 1890s more than half of all immigrants came from these new regions, as opposed to less than 2% in the 1860s

What was the Catholic church's response to the strikes

Called for a living wage a) father John Ryan

What were the tenements like? Who lived there

A BUILDING THAT WAS NOT ORIGINALLY MADE FOR LIVING QUARTERS, BUT AS BEEN CONVERTED INTO HOUSING 1. THE CLOSER YOU LIVED TO THE CITY, THE POORER YOU ARE 2. Most urban residents could not afford either to own a house in the city or to more to the suburbs 3. They stayed in the city centers and rented because the demand was so high and space so scarce, they had little bargaining power in the process. 4. Landlords tried to squeeze as many rent-paying residents as possible into the smallest available space a) Landlords were reluctant to invest much in immigrant housing, confident they could rent dwellings for a profit regardless of their conditions 5. THE TENEMENTS BECAME SLUMS AS A RESULT 6. originally referred simply to a multiple-family rental building, but by the late 19th century it was being used to describe slum only 7. The first tenements, built in New York City in 1850, had been hailed as great improvement in housing for the poor 8. But tenements themselves soon became "miserable abodes" with many windowless rooms, little or no plumbing or central heating and often a row of privies in the basement 9. TENEMENTS WERE INCREDIBLY CROWDED WITH THREE, FOUR, AND SOMETIMES MANY MORE PEOPLE CRAMMED INTO EACH SMALL ROOM a) Tenements went bad and the cost was lowered so the poor moved in b) Multiply people living in a large room and slept in working shifts

Activists

A PERSON WHO WANTS TO CHANGE SOMETHING a person who tries to bring about political or social change 1. Depending on the context, it can be someone's hero or someone's terrorist a) The tone of voice the speaker is using with activist depends on what cause they are supporting

What is a ghetto

A PLACE WHERE A SPECIFIC CULTURE, RACE, OR RELIGION, LIVES EXCLUSIVELY 1. Ghettos provided a refuge for the immigrants from discrimination 2. They are small homogenous communities 3. Formed based on own prejudices 4. Choose to be with people like me, not with people not like me (want to be with your own) 5. WERE TAUGHT IN THE GHETTOS HOW TO ASSIMILATE 6. Traditionally, ghettos and slums would coincide, but it was not a requirement of a ghetto 7. DE FACTO SEGREGATION 8. Most of the new immigrants were rural people and their adjustment to city life was often painful. 9. To help ease the transition, many national groups formed close-knit ethnic communities within the cities: a) italian, Polish, Jewish, Slavic,Chinese, French, Canadian, Mexican, and other neighborhoods that ATTEMPTED TO RECREATE IN THE NEW WORLD MANY OF THE FEATURES OF THE OLD 10. Some ethnic neighborhoods consisted of people who had migrated to America from the same province, town, or village 11. THE IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS OFFERED NEWCOMERS MUCH THAT WAS FAMILIAR a) found newspapers and theaters in their native languages b) stores that sold their native foods c) churches or synagogues and fraternal organizations that provided links with their national pasts d) Ghettos bring familiarity Religion, schools, food markets that all worked with the culture

injunction

A judicial order that prohibits a person from doing an action that threatening to other's civil liberties a) Court issues an order to stop strike and if you do not, you go to jail without a trial b) government's arbitration

What was the culture shock the immigrants experience

AGRARIAN VS. URBAN 1. people coming to urban area were agrarian and experienced a shock in the drastic difference between the two lifestyles a) agrarians move slower than urban b) mentality is different

what is the assimilation for America

AMERICANIZE TO TAKE ON THE TRADITIONS OF AMERICA a) Goal is to stick in not stand out b) assimilation is universal

What is infrustructure and what is the problem created with it do to urbanization

ANYTHING THAT SUPPORTS LIVING ex: sewers, government, police, sidewalks 1. Planning and building simply could not match the pace of the growth of the city 2. Jobs were in the cities resulting in a large mass of people pouring into the cities that were not ready for them 3. The infrastructure could not support the number: lead to awful conditions in the cities a) Buildings were old and often collapsed

What was the result of the nativism in education

Americanization improved education so now they taught social studies in schools learned American history a) History courses became a requirement in order to graduate in states b) Make sure all Americans know their history

gentlemen's agreement

BETWEEN TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND THE JAPANESE EMPEROR 1. Japanese took farm laborer jobs and lowered wages of the native American workers a)Because the immigrants worked harder for less money 2. riots and discrimination against the Japanese resulted in the United States 3. Many immigrants wrote home to discuss the racial discrimination 4. In Tokeyo, many native Japanese began to protest the treatment of the Japanese in American AND DEMAND THAT THE JAPANESE EMPEROR DECLARE WAR OF THE U.S. a) The Emperor's knew that he couldn't win a war against the industrial United States 5. He threatened Teddy Roosevelt the harass the U.S. for years in a war if the discrimination did not stop 6. Both leaders came to an agreement in A FORMAL LETTER: a) U.S.: Will tell the Nativist to cut down on the discrimination against the Japanese b) Japan: will stop sending Japanese to the U.S> 7. IMMIGRATION STOPPED BUT THE RACISM DIDN'T a) This discrimination was later a reason that Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in World War II (Revenge)

lockouts

Boss would lock the workers out of the building so he holds the power to decide when a strike starts and when it ends 1. Used with an injunction

What are push factors? What kind of push factors lead to immigration

PUSH/GUIDE US TO LEAVE A PLACE 1. Poverty 2. Famine, drought, plagues (other natural disasters) 3. Oppressive rule a) not allowed wealth accumulation (lack of economic oppotunity 4. Kicked out because of religion a) religious persecution 5. ESCAPE OPPRESSION AND PERSECUTION 6. Political unrest

What is an urban area? How did it increase in the late 19th century and why?

COMMUNITIES OF 2,500 PEOPLE OR MORE 1. The great migration form the countryside to the city was not unique to the United States and was occurring simultaneously throughout the Western world in response to industrialization and the factory system 2. The urban population of American increased sevenfold in the half century after the Civil War 3. The census revealed that for the first time, a majority of the American people lived in "urban areas" 4. THE CITY ATTRACTED PEOPLE FROM THE COUNTRYSIDE BECAUSE IT OFFERED CONVENIENCES, ENTERTAINMENTS, AND CULTURAL EXPERIENCES UNAVAILABLE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

Why did people immigrate to the United States

People flocked to them to take advantage of the economic and educational opportunities they offered, to escape what many considered the boredom of rural life, and to experience the new forms of entertainment that cities were helping to advance PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

What was the need for the legislation on immigration? Did it work

GOAL: TO MAKE IT HARDER TO GET INTO THE COUNTRY 1. English 2. Toughen up the literacy tests/physicals to get in a) Immigrants must read at a first grade level in their native language b) Physical tests included inspection for STDs and Tuberculous c) If infected, the immigrant was treated at a hospital and if it was determined that they would not be able to receive treatment, the immigrant was sent back on a boat 3. These laws kept out ONLY A SMALL NUMBER OF ALIENS AND MORE AMBITIOUS RESTRICTIONS PROPOSALS MADE LITTLE PROGRESS 4. Congress passed a literacy requirement for immigrants in 1897, but PResident Grover Cleveland vetoed it 5. THE RESTRICTIONS HAD LIMITED SUCCESS BECAUSE MANY NATIVE BORN AMERICANS, FAR FROM FEARING IMMIGRATION, WELCOMED IT AND EXERTED STRONG POLITICAL PRESSURE AGAINST THE RESTRICTIONISTS a) Immigrants was providing a rapidly growing economy with a cheap and plentiful labor supply; many employers ARGUED THAT AMERICA'S INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT IT

What was the problem cause by urbanization that led to the development of the professional police force

HIGH CRIME RATES: 1. Before" Citizens hired gun fighters to act as the police 2. But now their was so much crime that a single individual didn't work anymore 3. Poverty and crowding naturally bred crime and violence a) Much of it was relatively minor, the work of pickpockets, con artists, swindlers, and petty thieves b) Some was more dangerous 4. The american murder rate rose rapidly in the late 19th century (even as such rates were declining in Europe) from 25 murders for every million people in 1880 to over 100 by the end of the century A RATE SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN THE RELATIVELY HIGH RATES OF THE 1980S AND 1990S 5. This reflected in part a very high level of violence in some non urban areas a) The American South, where rates of lynching and homicide were particularly high b) In the West, where the rootlessness and instability of new communities (cow towns, mining camps) created much violence c) But the cities contributed their share to the increase in crime as well 6. NATIVE BORN AMERICANS LIKED TO BELIEVE THE CRIME WAS A REULT OF THE VIOLENT IMMIGRANT GROUPS AND CITED THE RISE OF CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS AND GAINS IN VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS BUT NATIVE BORN AMERICANS WERE AS LIKELY TO COMMIT CRIMES AS IMMIGRANTS SOLUTION: The rising crime rates encouraged many cities to develop larger and more professional police forces a) The work of a police officer and a firefighter is dangerous so they hired the Irish Immigrants they didn't like to do it b) It is still a big tradition in Irish families 1. In the early 19th century, police forces had often been private and informal organizations; urban governments had resisted, professionalized law enforcement ,fearful of urban insurrections felt the need for eve more substantial form of protection 2. Urban national guard groups (many of them created and manned by middle class elites) built imposing armories on the outskirts of affluent neighborhoods and stored large supplies of weapons and ammunition in preparation for uprising that in fact never occured 3. By the end of the century, PROFESSIONALIZED PUBLIC POLICE DEPARTMENTS WERE A PART OF THE LIFE OF VIRTUALLY EVERY CITY AND TOWN a) They worked closely with district attorneys and other public prosecutors, who were also becoming more numerous and more important in city life 4. Police forces themselves could also spawn corruption and brutality, particularly since jobs on hem were often filled through political patronage a) And complaints about police dealing differently with white and black suspects o with rich and poor communities were common in the late 19th century b) Some members of the middle class

Was the increase in urban growth due to natural increase or immigration

IMMIGRATION 1. Natural increase accounted for only a small part of the urban growth a) Urban families experienced a high rate of infant mortality, a declining fertility rate, and a high death rate from disease 2. WITHOUT IMMIGRATION, CITIES WOULD HAVE GROWN SLOWLY, IF AT ALL

Why does immigration occur in two different waves

IMMIGRATION COMES IN TWO WAVES AS DIFFERENT REGIONS EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES AND PROBLEMS 1. The most important source of urban population growth was the arrival of the great numbers of new immigrants from abroad:

On what basis did the businesses enlist government help

INTERSTATE COMMERCE 1. Congress is to promote interstate commerce and strikes prevent interstate commerce so the government should put it down 2. Both sides wanted government help with interstate commerce, but they argue that the other is using it wrong

How did the Melting pot come about

MELTING POT label was introduced eventually as the races began to mix more and a pride began to develop among mixed nationality being "American" 1. STARTED WITH INTER-RACIAL MARRIAGES a) These resulted from friendships and romances that started in public schools which often had many different nationalities in one room 2. Nativist couldn't stop inter-racial marriages, so they agreed to be okay with it as long as the kids were being raised by American values 3. TODAY: WE TAKE PRIDE IN THE MELTING POT WHICH CREATED WHAT WE KNOW TODAY WAS AMERICA

What problems were the intellectuals, reformers, and muckrakers trying to solve (what cures the choas)

MAIN PROBLEM: RAPID URBANIZATION Urban Planning: Planning a city's growth 1. low income house planning 2. City planning, parks, suburbs 3. transportation (mass transit) 4. sanitation 5. clean water source of city water 6. Professional police, fire(codes)departments, health (codes) departments, sanitation (codes) departments 7. Disasters lead to these changes

What was the middle classes response to the strikes

MIDDLE CLASS HORRIFIED BY THE STRIKES 1. Radicals violence happens during strikes ( i.e. MOLLY MCGUIRE'S coal, Anarchists at Haymarket, troops needed) a) AFTER MOLLY MCGUIRE, THERE WAS AN OUTCRY BY MIDDLE CLASS TO RESTRAIN UNIONS 2. SCARED OF VIOLENCE BLAMED AND HATED UNIONS FOR THE VIOLENCE 3. The Haymarket bombing was an alarming symbol of social chaos and radicalism ANARCHISM became a code word in the public mind for terrorism and violence even though most anarchists were relatively peaceful visionaries dreaming of a new social order 4. The specter of anarchism remained one of the most frightening concepts in the American middle class imagination 5. This became a constant OBSTACLE TO THE GOALS OF THE AFL AND OTHER LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND PARTICULARLY DEVASTATING TO THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR 6. Unions were always vulnerable to accusations of anarchism as the violent strikes of the 1890s occasionally illustrated

What were difference between the Northern and Western and the Southern and Eastern Europeans

MORE PREJUDICES WITH THE 2ND WAVE THAN THE 1ST WAVE 1. Religion 2. Skill 3. Politics 4. Appearance THE NORTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPEANS ASSIMILATED FASTER THAN THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPEANS

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

What was the difference between the northern/western Europeans and the Eastern/southern Europeans skill

N&W: 1. Came from industrial background that the U.S. was moving into 2. THEY FIT IN 3. Very educated modestly prosperous and educated 4. Germans and Scandinavians in particular had headed west on their arrival, either to farm or to work as businessmen, merchants, professionals or skilled laborers in midwestern cities 5. Learned english early educated and had industrial skills S&E: 1. Come from agricultural countries 2. Lacked the capital needed to buy farmland 3. Lacked the education needed to establish themselves in professions 4. Settled in overwhelmingly in industrial cities, where most of them took unskilled jobs 5. STOOD OUT 6. No education and no skill

What was the difference between the northern/wester europeans and the Eastern/southern europeans appearances

N&W: 1. The North and Western Europeans are more industrially developed than the Southern and Eastern 2. Fair skin tone, light hair color, light eye color allows for them to stick in better (Arians) 3. Languages are closer to english S&E: 1. Skin tone, hair color, and eye color is darker 2. closer to the equator 3. languages are farther away from english, making learning english harder

What was the difference between the northern/western Europeans and the Eastern/southern Europeans politics

N&W: 1. W.A.S.P. (WHITE ANGLO SAXON PROTESTANTS) 2. Northern and Western Europeans were the founders of America and were most like Americans 3. Northern and Western European countries are democracies S&E: 1. NOT W.A.S.P. 2. Southern and Eastern European Countries were all over the place on the political scale

What was the difference between the northern/western Europeans and the Eastern/southern Europeans religions

N&W: Protestants a) the U.S. is a protestant country S&E: Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox Catholic, Jews a) Religions were not popular with protestants

What is hyphenated Americans

NATIVE COUNTRY + AMERICANS 1. A coping mechanism 2. helped the immigrants who were torn between which nationality to be 3. Many immigrants maintained close ties with their native countries a) Some returned to Europe or Asia or mexico after a short time where there's helped bring the rest of their families to America

What is a muckraker

People who expose problems and solutions in cities through the use of publications 1. Jacob Riis is an example of a muckrakers, but NOT AN INTELLECT

Prejudice

PRE-CONCEIVED WITHOUT KNOWING 1. come to a conclusion about someone without knowing anything about them 2. Jungle nature is the cause of prejudice because it is instilled in our DNA for survival to be afraid of the people who are not like me

What was the problem with the city's drinking water? how was it solved

PROBLEM: Improper disposal of human and industrial waste was a common feature of almost all large cities in these years 1. Such practices contributed to the pollution of rivers and lakes and also in many cases to the compromising of the city's drinking water 2. This was particularly true in poor neighborhoods with primitive plumbing and sometime no indoor plumbing at all, outdoor privies that leaked into the groundwater, and overcrowded tenements 3. The presence of domestic animals (horses which were the means of transportation until the late 19th century, but in poor neighborhoods also cows, pigs, and other animals ) contributed as well to the environmental problems SOLUTION: Reservoirs, indoor plumbing for human waste removal (use chlorine to purify sewage water that is later recycled as drinking water), outlaw outhouses, drain & fill CESS POOL areas a) Cities now pay close attention to water supply to make sure it is safe for consumption b) Built reservoirs and purify all of the chemicals that have gotten into the supply from the farmers c) Now try to institute no tilling farms d) Rain gardens: purify rain before it gets to purification system

What is mass transit? How was it a solution to urbanization

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREAS PROBLEM: 1. CONDITIONS OF THE OLD STREETS a) Old downtown streets were often too narrow for the heavy traffic that was beginning to move over them b) Most were without a hard, paved surface producing either a sea of mud of a cloud of dust c) In the last decades of the century, more and more streets were paved with wooden blocks, bricks or asphalt' but paving could not keep up with the number of new thoroughfares the expanding cities were creating 2. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO NEEDED TO MOVE EVERY DAY FROM ONE PART OF THE CITY TO ANOTHER, numbers that mandated the development of mass transportation: SOLUTION: Electric street cars/els (elevated trains)/subways 1. providing transportation for people so they will stop overcrowding the streets and allow for carriages and waggons to get through and people to enter and leave businesses 2. BUSINESS NOW CAN FLOURISH 3. Street cars drawn on tracks by horses had been introduced into some cities even before the Civil War a) But the horse cars were not fact enough, so many communities developed new forms of mass transit 4.In 1870, New York opened its first ELEVATED RAILWAY, whose noisy, filthy steam powered trains moved rapidly above the city streets on massive iron structures 5. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and other cities also experimented with CABLE CARS Cable Cars are towed by continuously moving underground cables 6. Richmond, Virginia introduced the first ELECTRIC TROLLEY LINE in 1888 7. By 1895, such systems were operating in 850 towns and cities 8. By 1897, Boston opened the first AMERICAN SUBWAY when it put some of its trolley lines underground 9. At the same time, cities were developing new techniques of road and bridge buildings 10. One of the great technological marvels of the 1880s was the completion of THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE IN NEW YORK, a dramatic steel cable suspension span designed by John A. Roebling

What are pull factors? What kinds of pull factors lead people to immigrate

PULL OR REASON TOWARDS A CERTAIN DESTINATION 1. Economic opportunities a) came for the economic freedom/opportunity to supply for family better than in the native country 2. Escape from an oppressive government 3. Socially-egalitarian a) parents sacrificing for their kids so they can have better then the parents 4. Belief in the self made man 5. Religious practice without persecution a) religious and political freedom 6. Transportation is now easier and quicker

What is the problem with urbanization in the late 19th century

RAPID URBANIZATION 1. Causes overcrowding so effects (and any attempts at reform) had problems with INFRASTRUCTURE

Angel Island

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 1. ASIANS IMMIGRATED HERE 2. Difference in treatment a) worse treatment than the Southern and Eastern Europeans because the Asians were not white b) Native born Americans on the West coast had a cultural aversion to Mexican, Chinese, and Japanese immigrants c) China (build Transcontinental . Railroad), Japan (some went to Hawaii)

What is de-facto segregation

SEGREGATION BASED ON FACTS

What happened when the immigrant groups choose not to assimilate? What ethnic groups were these

SOUTHERN AND EASTERN (ITALIANS) EUROPEANS AND ASIANS CHOOSE NOT TO ASSIMILATE 1. ancient prejudices from "old country" arise resulting in the chose not to assimilate the way many of the immigrants clung to old ways and created culturally distinctive communities 2. PROVOKED FEAR AND RESENTMENT AMONG SOME NATIVE BORN AMERICANS a) NATIVISM increase as a result

Nativism

THE BELIEF IN PROTECTING THE NATIVE BORN'S RIGHTS OVER THE IMMIGRANTS' RIGHTS a) the native culture says we were here first so we get the best jobs and homes b) Our culture is superior to your so we get the jobs first than you can have our leftovers (WASPS) 1. Not like me's have ever been treated okay (tribal instinct) a) Always been this way 2. EXCEPTIONS: The WASP like the Northern and Western Europeans that are more like them, but most of the time you stick with the group of people you are like the most 3. NATIVISM LIKE ASSIMILATION IS NOT SOLELY AN AMERICAN CONCEPT (IT IS UNIVERSAL)

Did the change to urbanization come easily for the cities

THE CHANGE DID NOT COME EASILY: 1. Cities grew so rapidly that their facilities and institutions could not keep pace a) Housing, transportation, sewers, social services, governments were all lagging far behind the enormous demands the new urban populations were placing on them 2. The enormous diversity of many urban populations required cities to assimilate different and clashing population groups 3. This challenged has continued to face the nation into the present

What is Ellis Island's nickname? Why is it called this

THE GOLDEN DOOR 1. The story was that in the United States the streets were paved with gold 2. U.S. is wealthy- THE GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY 3. immigrants from Europe entered a "GOLDEN DOOR"

urbanization

THE PROCESS OF MAKING CITIES INTO MUNICIPALITIES THE PROCESS OF MAKING AN AREA MORE URBAN 1. The city was a place of remarkable contrasts a) It had homes of almost unimaginable size and grandeur, and slums b) It had conveniences unknown to earlier generations and problems that seemed beyond society's capacity or solve 2. Both attractions and the problems were a result of the stunning pace at which cities were growing 3. The expansion of the urban population SPUR THE IMPORTANT NEW TECHNOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS 4. GHETTOS WERE HOMOGENEOUS BUT SOON BECAME LARGE HETEROGENEOUS

What is assimilation

TO TAKE ON OR ADAPT TO THE MAJORITY CULTURE a) universal problem b) GOAL IS TO STICK IN NOT STAND OUT 1. CULTURAL COHESIVENESS OF THE ETHNIC COMMUNITIES CLEARLY EASED THE PAIN OF SEPARATION FOR NATIVE LANDS 2. STRUGGLE: Americanize vs old world traditions 3. THE STRENGTH OF THE ETHNIC TIES HAD TO COMPETE AGAINST THE DESIRE TO ASSIMILATION a) Many of the new arrivals from abroad and come to America with romantic visions of the New World (Streets paved with gold) and even through the culture shock, they usually retained the dream of becoming true "americans" b) First generation immigrants worked hard to rid themselves of all vestiges of their old cultures (Americanize) c) Second generations immigrants were even more likely to attempt to break with the old ways and try to assimilate completely into what they considered the real American culture d) Some even looked with contempt on parents and grandparents who continued to preserve traditional ethnic habits and values 4. ASSIMILATION WAS NOT ENTIRELY A MATTER OF CHOICE: a) Native born Americans encouraged it both deliberately and inadvertently in countless ways b) Public schools taught children in English and employers often insisted that workers speak English on the job c) Although there were merchants in immigrant communities who sold ethnically distinctive foods and clothing, most stores by necessity sold mainly American products, forcing immigrants to adapt their diets, wardrobes, and lifestyles to American norms Church leaders encouraged their parishioners to adopt American ways d) Some even reformed their theology and liturgy to make it more compatible with the norms of the new community 5. RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC SCHOOLS SET UP IN THE GHETTO TO ASSIMILATE a) Priests and religious leaders came from the old world

Industrial Unionism

Wages and conditions are negotiable through supply and demand in the free market 1. PRIVATE ENTERPRISES GET TO SET THEM 2. negotiate or fight is between: business vs workers

what was the under classes response to the strikes

Underclass depressed they were the one that were striking and living in awful conditions

What was the upper classes response to the strikes

Upper class aggravated 1. interfering with their interstate commerce and businesses

did urbanization and immigration happen at the same time

YEs

municipalities

a city or town that has corporate status and local government 1. The increasing congestion of the cities and the absence of adequate public services produced many hazards 2. Crime, fire, disease, indigence, and pollution all placed strains on the capacities of metropolitan institutions and both governments and private institutions were for a time poorly equipped to respond to them

Yellow dog agreement

a contract where you agree to not join a union a) A contract between the employer and the worker, where the worker agree to not join an union 1. Keeps unions from starting

blacklist

a list of people who are union supporters that is past around to different business owners to warn them of who is in support of a union so they do not hire them a) Companies blacklisted people who joined a union

Cess pools

a low lying area that collects rainwater 1. The rainwater collects in the cesspool and then is contaminated by animals and accidently consumed by humans 2. Cesspools are breeding grounds for mosquitos 3. Cities start filling in cesspool in order to cut back on the problems

Quotas

a minimum or maximum limit of immigrants allowed into the country 1. It was lowered on immigrants, especially from Asia, so fewer "undesirables" could get in 2. Depending on the native country culture or the condition of the country, the quotas were lowered or raised

extremists

a person who is willing to do anything to bring about change (violence) a) a person with extreme opinions who campaigns for them with violence

anarchists

a system of government without government authority; total liberty and freedom (state of nature)

What is street cars suburb area? Who lived there

an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one 1. BOTH THE WEALTHY AND MIDDLE CLASS 2. New Yorkers of moderate means settled in new suburbs on the northern fringes of Manhattan and commuted downtown by trolley and riverboat 3. Real estate developers worked to create and promote suburban communities that would appeal to nostalgia for the countryside that many city dwellers felt 3. Affluent suburbs, were notable for lawns, trees, and houses designed to look manorial 4. Even modest communities strove to emphasize the opportunities suburbs provided for owning land

oppression

held back from achieving

persecution

hostility or ill treatment for beliefs (like race, political or religion)

What are scab laborers

name of workers who worked during a strike because they were benefiting from the strike 1. used as strike breakers

What is an intellectual

someone who applies their ability to reason to find solutions for problems 1. They use a form of intelligence, but this doesn't mean intelligence 2. Professionals (college professors in social sciences) that study a specific problem and write out the solutions in papers and books 3. Many become reformers and many are also muckrakers

radicals

someone who wants complete change now a) advocating for complete political or social reform

Discrimination

the act of treating things differently; making the distinction between to things or people based on prejudice 1. not always a bad thing a) turns into a bad thing when the discrimination results in dehumanizing, exploiting, or mistreatment of others