Chapter 18 Human Growth
A series of studies compared three groups of students: Koreans in Seoul, South Korea; Korean Americans who had lived most of their lives in the United States; and U.S.-born European Americans. Students in the study were asked to determine what information they would like to know in order to determine why a graduate student might have murdered a professor. Results revealed that _____ asked for more information, which suggested they were able to determine a more holistic, balanced synthesis. A. Koreans B. Korean Americans and European Americans C. Koreans and European Americans D. Koreans and Korean Americans
A
As more is understood about brain development after adolescence, it seems that the characteristics of postformal thought are evident as the brain and, in particular, as the _____, matures. A. prefrontal cortex B. cerebellum C. corpus callosum D. thalamus
A
College students spend less than _____ of their waking time studying or in class and much more time socializing. A. one-fourth B. one-third C. one-half D. three-fourths
A
Dr. Richardson asks her class which age group is most in favor of same-sex marriage. A student raises his hand and correctly identifies _____ as being most in favor of it. A. emerging adults B. young adults C. middle-aged adults D. older adults
A
Dr. Wegman told her students that they could complete an assignment now and earn 10 points, or complete the assignment in a month and earn 15 points. The majority of students said they preferred to complete the assignment now, demonstrating _____. A. delay discounting B. impulsive behavior C. rational decision-making D. delay enhancement
A
Four-year-old Davis believes that God gave his little brother to his mother because she stayed overnight at the hospital. Davis is at the _____ stage of religious faith. A. intuitive-projective B. universalizing C. synthetic-conventional D. individual-reflective
A
In almost every developed nation today, it is true that _____ are college students. A. more females than males B. more males than females C. an equal number of males and females D. more middle-aged adults than emerging adults
A
In general, DIT scores that assess moral thinking _____. A. rise with age B. decline with age C. remain stable with age D. rise and then decline with age
A
In one U.S. study, researchers asked adolescents and adults to describe themselves. Without knowing the participants' ages, coders classified the descriptions as: protective (high in self-involvement, low in self-doubt), dysregulated (fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems), complex (valuing openness and independence above all), and integrated (able to regulate emotions and logic). No one under age 20 was in the _____ stage. A. integrated B. dysregulated C. complex D. protective
A
Jackson is experiencing stereotype threat. Research indicates its effects can be reduced by _____. A. convincing Jackson that his achievement depends on hard work. B. raising Jackson's self-esteem through positive feedback C. showing Jackson that other groups perform worse D. giving Jackson additional tutoring in material he finds challenging
A
Kevin is a high school junior who has wanted to attend college since he was in elementary school. According to recent research, what will most significantly influence whether Kevin will attend college, and if he does, whether he graduates? A. family income B. grades and SAT scores C. letters of recommendation and volunteer work D. a special talent such as athletics, music, or art
A
Kim is going to buy her friend a birthday present. She remembers that her friend wanted to go to a concert; tickets for the concert are $150 each. Kim has only $300 in the bank and was going to use $250 of it to pay for car insurance next month, but she wants to make her friend happy so she buys the two concert tickets. Kim's thinking is most likely influenced by _____. A. emotions B. logic C. emotions and logic D. abstraction
A
Marge's marriage is troubled. She and her husband find very little joy in being with each other, in part because they have both changed as individuals. If Marge and her husband are capable of dialectical thinking, they will _____. A. adjust their relationship to accommodate the changes in themselves B. realize that divorce is the only solution C. try to find out which one of them is to blame D. try to reinstate their relationship as it was when they were first married
A
Sara is a successful, conscientious college student with good time management skills. According to the text, Sara is likely to be attending college _____. A. part-time B. full-time C. at a very young age D. without much direction in life
A
The psychometric approach to studying cognitive development analyzes intelligence using _____. A. IQ tests and other measures B. observation C. narratives D. physiological measures
A
The stage in which faith becomes an active commitment, detached from the expectations of culture and others, is referred to as the stage of _____ faith. A. individual-reflective B. intuitive-projective C. universalizing D. mythic-literal
A
Thought that arises from personal experiences and perceptions is _____. A. subjective B. hypothetical C. objective D. personal
A
Which statement is TRUE? A. The increased diversity of the college atmosphere encourages cognitive development. B. A college education had more positive effects on cognitive development in the past than today. C. Since many students drop out of college, estimating the effect of college education on cognitive development is complicated. D. Diversity has decreased the long-term effects of a college education
A
Which student is most likely to leave college without a degree? A. Emily, who is earning $15,000 a year, working full-time, has two children, and is attending a college with 10,000 students B. Baxter, whose family income is $100,000 a year, and who attends a college with 1,000 students C. Evelie, who just had a baby, works part-time, and attends a college with 800 students D. Cy, whose family income is $60,000 year, goes to school full-time, and attends a college with 2,000 students
A
A proposition or statement of belief is a _____. A. synthesis B. thesis C. antithesis D. counterthesis
B
A research study of people aged 13 to 45 found that logical skills improved from _____ to _____, then stayed steady, but social understanding continued to advance. A. adulthood; late adulthood B. adolescence; emerging adulthood C. emerging adulthood; middle adulthood D. emerging adulthood; late adulthood
B
A student believes that divorce is right if the marriage partners are no longer in love, even if the couple has children together. The student is reasoning from a morality of _____ orientation. A. care B. justice C. absolute D. relationships
B
Compared to earlier decades, today colleges worldwide have _____ faculty. A. more female and part-time B. more non-White and part-time C. more female and non-White D. more non-White and full-time
B
Genevieve is about to complete her bachelor's degree. If she is typical, once she is established in her career she will earn approximately _____ more per year than a peer without a college degree. A. $10,000 B. $15,000 C. $20,000 D. $30,000
B
If Alisha is like most prospective college students, she is going to select a college based on the _____. A. diversity of the student body B. location, preferring a college in her home state C. majors offered D. alumni network
B
If Sean is like a typical college student he would indicate that he is in college primarily for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____. A. to get a better job B. to gain a general education C. to be well off financially D. to make more money
B
In the stereotype-threat study in which college students were taught about intelligence research, which group showed the most improvement in attitudes about academic achievement and grades? A. European American students who were taught that intelligence is plastic B. African American students who were taught that intelligence is plastic. C. European American students who were taught about multiple intelligences D. African American students who were taught about multiple intelligences
B
Most emerging adults struggle with _____, however, adults gradually master it as their cognition matures. A. base rate neglect B. time management C. distributed practice D. concrete thinking
B
Once Dr. Brown, a first-year professor, realized that college students benefited from analysis and emotions, his teaching became more _____. A. formal, hypothetical, and deductive B. postformal, dialectical, and responsive C. postformal, hypothetical, and responsive D. formal, dialectical, and deductive
B
Reggie stated, "I believe that I should be able to drive as fast as I want." Reggie just stated a _____. A. synthesis B. thesis C. antithesis D. counterthesis
B
Which approach to studying cognitive development would be most likely to include tests that ask individuals to define the word "elementary" or make a design with blocks as shown on a picture? A. stage approach B. psychometric approach C. information-processing approach D. physiological approach
B
Which factor is likely to be most influential with respect to Greta's views on divorce? A. her intelligence B. her culture C. her income D. her gender
B
With respect to thinking, when students first start college they _____. A. question personal and social values B. believe in the existence of clear and perfect truths C. carefully consider many opposing ideas D. become committed to a set of personal values
B
A new pedagogical technique in which students are required to watch videos of a lecture on their computers before class and then participate in discussions in class facilitated by the professor is called _____. A. a MOOC B. a nontraditional student C. a flipped class D. massification
C
A series of questions designed to assess respondents' level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas is the _____ Test. A. Moral Dilemma B. Thematic Apperception C. Defining Issues D. Peabody
C
After auditioning for a play Carlos hears Henrietta say, "Carlos was the worst actor at the auditions! I can't believe that he got the lead!" Carlos thinks, "I know I am a fine actor. Henrietta is just upset right now because she did not get a part in the play." Carlos is using _____. A. subjective thought B. objective thought C. subjective thought and objective thought D. hypothetical thought
C
All of the following beliefs reflect cognitive flexibility EXCEPT _____. A. a person's perspective is only one of many B. a problem has many potential solutions C. life plans are static D. knowledge is dynamic
C
During emerging adulthood, religious service attendance becomes _____ frequent and the development of religious convictions become _____ frequent. A. less; less B. more; more C. less; more D. more; less
C
Helena is participating in a study in which she has to decide if she should cheat on a test. She is asked to rank-order possible solutions to cheating on the test. Helena is participating in a study that is using a _____ Test. A. Moral Dilemma B. Thematic Apperception C. Defining Issues D. Peabody
C
If Jane has declared the most popular major in college, she is studying _____. A. computer science B. English C. business D. psychology
C
If a student needed to write a short paper about gender as it relates to moral thinking, what would be an appropriate first sentence of the paper given the research on this issue? A. "Research does not identify gender differences in moral thinking." B. "Research always identifies gender differences in moral thinking." C. "Some research has identified gender differences in moral thinking, but other research does not find gender differences." D. "Other research conducted in the last 10 years finds gender differences in moral reasoning, but older research does not."
C
Jack was raised in a home where men did not help with housework or cooking because those chores were deemed "women's work." At age 20, he does not agree with that view, but hides his negative reaction to it when visiting his parents' home. Jack is demonstrating _____. A. emotional flexibility B. emotional inflexibility C. cognitive flexibility D. cognitive inflexibility
C
Many researchers believe that all of the following shape the ethics of adults EXCEPT _____. A. responsibilities B. education C. income D. experiences
C
Michelle begins an essay for her composition class by saying that knowing the truth sets people free. In her next paragraph, she explains that knowing the truth often involves learning about limitations and constraints on freedom. In her third paragraph, Michelle integrates these two perspectives. Michelle's essay demonstrates _____. A. inconsistent thinking B. moral reasoning C. dialectical thinking D. subjective thinking
C
Rachel dreaded going to her college psychology class with Dr. Marco. Professor Marco lectured for the entire 50 minutes about research findings and she did not always understand the information. One day, Professor Marco included personal stories in his lecture to illustrate the research concepts. Rachel found that she was better able to understand the material and think critically about it. She learned more when Dr. Marco used ____ in class. A. analysis only B. emotion only C. a combination of analysis and emotion D. personal stories only
C
Sunny watched a video of her professor giving a lecture about genes and environment the night before class. When she got to class the next day, her professor facilitated a discussion about the role of nature and nurture with respect to development. Sunny was experiencing _____. A. a MOOC B. a nontraditional student C. a flipped class D. massification
C
The approach to studying cognitive development that explores how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information is the _____ approach. A. stage B. psychometric C. information-processing D. physiological
C
The recent effort by countries around the world to increase the number of young people attending college is prompted by national governments' belief in _____. A. stereotype threat B. moratorium C. massification D. linked lives
C
The worry that one's appearance or behavior will be misused to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitude is referred to as _____. A. overcompensation B. dialectical thought C. stereotype threat D. disidentification
C
Who is most likely going to come up with multiple solutions for helping a child learn how to read? A. parent B. pediatric nurse C. elementary teacher D. librarian
C
Dr. Marquette is a researcher who studies the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information throughout life. What approach to cognitive development does she take? A. psychometric B. multidirectional C. postformal D. information-processing
D
Every night Sam says extra prayers to God so that he has prayers "in the bank." Due to his extra prayers Sam believes God will reward him in life rather than punish him. Sam is in what stage of faith? A. universalizing faith B. synthetic-conventional faith C. conjunctive faith D. mythic-literal faith
D
Grant is a fun-loving, intelligent, responsible teenager who likes to dye his hair different colors. However, he is concerned that other people might construe his hair color as a reflection of poor academic achievement. His concern is an example of _____. A. cognitive flexibility B. effortful control C. postconventional thinking D. stereotype threat
D
On his own time, Ron looked over his course syllabi for the term and realized that, in three weeks, he had three assignments due on one day. Ron decided he would do one assignment per week for the next three weeks so that he would have them all done by their due dates. Ron is demonstrating _____ thinking. A. preoperational B. concrete operational C. formal operational D. postformal
D
Perry found that over the four years of their college careers, students typically _____. A. move from a relativistic to a dualistic approach B. change their viewpoints very little C. stick to their own views when faced with conflicts D. move through nine levels of complexity in their thinking
D
The term massification means that _____. A. college gives people better long-term health B. mass practice can defeat stereotype threat C. obesity increases for every year of education a person has D. college could benefit everyone
D
Who is most likely to experience the strongest benefits from college? A. a shy student B. a female C. an athlete D. a low-income student
D
T/F: A hallmark of postformal cognition is intellectual flexibility, a characteristic far more typical of middle-aged adults than of younger people.
False
T/F: According to current research, college students today are more concerned with getting a well-rounded education than in being able to find a good-paying job upon graduation.
False
T/F: Children are more likely than adults to imagine several solutions for every problem and then to take care in selecting the best one.
False
T/F: Cognitive flexibility is said to be the most advanced cognitive process.
False
T/F: Due to their skepticism, college graduates tend to think more narrowly and rigidly than those who did not attend college.
False
T/F: Education, specific dilemmas, and culture correlate less strongly than gender with whether a person's moral judgments emphasize relationships or absolutes.
False
T/F: Educators who agree with Vygotsky are likely to take a prescriptive, staged, practical approach to education.
False
T/F: Emerging adults are more likely than older or younger people to attend religious services and to pray, even though most consider themselves less spiritual compared to when they were younger.
False
T/F: Many developmentalists now believe there is actually a fourth stage of cognitive development called postformal thought.
False
T/F: Moral values do not seem to be impacted by national background or era.
False
T/F: Students who are about to graduate from college are likely to believe that there are clear and absolute truths to discover.
False
T/F: The number of students in college is decreasing in every nation in the world; this phenomenon is known as massification.
False
T/F: The older an individual is, the greater the likelihood that she will demonstrate delay discounting.
False
T/F: The stage approach to cognitive development analyzes intelligence via IQ tests and other measures.
False
T/F: The vast majority of college students rate "becoming a more cultured person" as essential or very important to them.
False
T/F: There is less diversity among students on college campuses today than there was in 1970.
False
T/F: Western as well as non-Western cultures describe adult thought as qualitatively similar to adolescent thought.
False
T/F: About two-thirds of U.S. students take out loans to help pay for college.
True
T/F: According to a dialectical thinker, romance becomes troubled because relationship partners have changed without adapting to each other.
True
T/F: As students progress through college they usually are more able to see multiple perspectives.
True
T/F: Being exposed to a diverse array of people in college likely contributes to deeper thought and intellectual challenge.
True
T/F: Cognitive flexibility, particularly the ability to change childhood assumptions, is needed to counter stereotypes.
True
T/F: College education is one stimulus for young adults' shifts in moral reasoning.
True
T/F: Dialectical thinking involves the constant integration of beliefs and experiences with all the contradictions and inconsistencies of daily life.
True
T/F: Emerging adults consider most of life's answers to be provisional, not necessarily permanent.
True
T/F: Every year of college appears to improve cognitive abilities.
True
T/F: For emerging adults, moral thinking may produce moral behavior.
True
T/F: Gilligan believes that decisions about reproduction advance moral thinking, especially for women.
True
T/F: Good time management is characteristic of successful, conscientious, part-time college students more than for full-time students.
True
T/F: Individuals in their early 20s are more likely than people of any other age to abuse alcohol and other drugs. However, with personal experience and learning from others, cognitive maturity leads most adults to drink occasionally and moderately from then on.
True
T/F: Listening to others and considering diverse opinions are signs of cognitive flexibility.
True
T/F: Many American children and adults harbor some implicit bias against African Americans, detectable in their slower reaction time when mentally processing photos of African Americans as compared with photos of European Americans.
True
T/F: Most U.S. college students attend publicly sponsored institutions.
True
T/F: One of the practical skills of postformal thinking is the ability to combine subjective and objective thought.
True
T/F: One reason other nations have greater massification than the United States is that in these nations college tuition is lower.
True
T/F: Postformal thought is more practical as well as more creative and imaginative than earlier stages of thinking.
True
T/F: Students from all backgrounds learn more if they involve themselves in the campus community.
True
T/F: The characteristics of postformal thought (practical, flexible, dialectical) are evident as the brain matures.
True
T/F: Without being able to combine intellect and emotion, individuals may experience behavioral extremes (e.g., obesity, addiction) and cognitive extremes (e.g., believing that one is the best person on earth).
True