chapter 18 MAP

the hormone oxytocin promotes uterine contractions. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. triggers prostate gland contraction. is produced in the hypothalamus. All of the answers are correct.

promotes uterine contractions is responsible for milk expression from mammary glands triggers prostate gland contractin is produced by the hypothalmus

what is the function of the ventral hypothalmic neurons control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) control secretion of thyroid hormones control secretion of oxytocin control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone

a hormone that produces gluconeogenesis in the liver is erythropoietin. thymosin. parathormone. aldosterone. cortisol.

cortisol

which of the following hormones prolongs the effects of the sympathetic nervous system? insulin parathyroid hormone acetylcholine cortisol growth hormone

cortisol

chose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and moon face.

cushing's disease

diabetes insipidus occurs when the ____ lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases______. posterior, ACTH anterior, ADH anterior, ACTH posterior; ADH

posterior, ADH

pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production in mammary glands is growth hormone. FSH. ACTH. TSH. prolactin.

prolactin

pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is TSH. ACTH. FSH. LH. GH.

ACTH

changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of ADH. TSH. oxytocin. LH. ACTH.

ADH

the posterior pituitary gland secretes TSH. ACTH. FSH. MSH. ADH.

ADH

which of these is released by the neurohypophysis? ADH ACTH TSH FSH

ADH

what hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? cortisol ADH (vasopressin) angiotensin II aldosterone

ADH (vasopressin)

When adenyl cyclase is activated, cAMP is formed. ATP is consumed. cAMP is broken down. ATP is produced. ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

if the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalmus will no longer be able to control which of the following hormones? ADH and OXT TSH, ACTH, PRL TSH ACTH PRL

TSH, ACTH, PRL

which of the following are true about paracrine communication? a Many cells produce paracrine factors. b It is used for the regulation of cell and organ activities. c The cells make local hormones, made by cells that affect surrounding cells. d Paracrine factors are rather similar to hormones. e All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

which of the following androgenic receptors increase cyclic AMP levels?

B receptors

which of the following activates protein kinases and therefore acts as a second messenger? insulin cyclic AMP TSH ACTH epinephrine

Cyclic AMP

the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is, TSH. ACTH. FSH. LH. GH.

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

which of the following is considered a first messenger? Choose the best answer. ATP Ca2+ cAMP Epinephrine

Epinephrine

the hormone that stimulates egg production in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes is TSH. ACTH. FSH. LH. GH.

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

insulin-like growth factors are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones. GH (growth hormone) prolactin (PRL) thyroid hormones oxytocin

GH

which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? IP3 tyrosine kinase cAMP DAG

IP3

pituitary hormone that promote progesterone and testosterone production is TSH. ACTH. FSH. LH. GH.

LH

the hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is_____. ACTH. TSH. ADH. FSH. MSH.

MSH

the link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually______. cGMP. adenyl cyclase. cAMP. calcium ion levels. a G protein.

a G protein

_______ are chemical messengers released by cells and transported into the bloodstream to alter the activities of other cells in other tissues. a Hormones b Neuropeptides c Antigens d Humoral antibodies e Neurotransmitters

a) hormones

what is the correct order of events of hormones activating G proteins?

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP.

what tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland. luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) made the news as an anabolic steroid used by athletes, but also as a drug that became associated with "date rapes" because of its sedative properties. Which of the following may play a role wherein physiological effect takes place when ingesting GHB? a)sensitivity of the target cell b)interactions with other hormones c)the level of stress experienced at the time of ingestion d)all of the above

all of the above

The hypophyseal portal system carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. carries ADH and oxytocin. is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. All of the answers are correct.

all these answers are correct.

how is Ca 2+ used as a second messenger?

an activated g protein opens Ca 2+ channels, allowing Ca 2+ to get into the cell and bind to calmodulin, causing enzyme activation.

the zona recticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces, glucocorticoids. epinephrine. mineralocorticoids. androgens. norepinephrine.

androgens

parathyroid hormone does all of the following except, inhibit osteoblast activity. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. stimulate osteoclast activity. enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. build up bone.

build up bone

increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its levels of___________. progesterone. testosterone. estrogen. cAMP. thyroid hormone.

cAMP

the magnification of a signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in_______. cAMP in the cytoplasm adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane water-soluble hormone in the blood phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm plasma membrane receptors

cAMP in the cytoplasm.

the C cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroxine. PTH. TSH. triiodothyronine. calcitonin.

calcitonin

calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combinaiton with the intracellular protein_________. calcitonin. calcium-binding globulin. calcitriol. calcitropin. calmodulin.

calmodulin

the intracellular protein_____ binds calcium ion. this complex can then activate enzymes. prostaglandin leukotrieneiuretic factor cyclic AMP calmodulin kinase

calmodulin

the suprarenal medulla produces mineralocorticoids. androgens. glucocorticoids. corticosteroids. catecholamines.

catecholamines

what keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor.

chaperone proteins

what is most likely the effect of norepinephrine a2 stimulation? Choose the best answer. cAMP levels are reduced, inhibiting enzyme activity in the cell. cAMP levels are reduced, closing ion channels on the cell membrane. cAMP levels are increased, opening ion channels on the cell membrane. cAMP levels are increased, activating enzyme activity in the cell.

cyclic AMP levels are reduced, inhibiting enzyme activity in the cell.

primary function of ADH is

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

damage to cells in the zona fisciculata in the suprarenal cortex would result in decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. increased volume of urine formation. increased water retention. decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. the loss of axillary and pubic hair.

decreased ability to turn amino acids into glucose

in response to stress which of the following changes would happen? decreased or difficulty breathing decreased cardiac output decreased insulin secretion decreased sweating

decreased insulin secretion

Primary endocrine disorders may be due to damage to the hormone producing organ. Karen's thyroid gland suffered damage from repeated exposure to radiation because of a neck injury. Which of the following is least likely to be part of a primary endocrine disorder for Karen? decreased osteoblast sensitivity to calcitonin hyposecretion of T3 and T4 hyposecretion of calcitonin all of the above

decreased osteoblast sensitivity to calcitonin

Hormones known as catecholamines are____________. lipids. derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. derivatives of reproductive glands. peptides. steroids.

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

the hypothalmus acts as both a neuro and a _______ organ. hepatic muscular renal endocrine cardiovascular

endocrine

which of the following hormones is part of the rapid response to stress? cortisol ADH (vasopressin) epinephrine aldosterone

epinephrine

after a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex___________. gene transcription is initiated. cyclic nucleotides are formed. adenyl cyclase is activated. G proteins are phosphylated. protein kinases are activated.

gene transcription is initiated

cushing's disease results from a excess of glucocorticoids. parathyroid hormone. ADH. growth hormone. epinephrine.

glucocorticoids

the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces, mineralocorticoids. norepinephrine. epinephrine. glucocorticoids. androgens.

glucocorticoids

which group of hormones cause an anti inflammatory action mineralocorticoids thyroglobulins antidiuretic hormones glucocorticoids pancreatic hormones

glucocorticoids

secondary hypogonadism could result from a lack in which of the following hormones? gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) growth Hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) luteinizing hormone (LH)

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closer of the epiphyseal plates. parathyroid hormone insulin growth hormone cortisol epinephrine

growth hormone

all target cells produce their own hormones. have hormone receptors. secrete hormones. are in the blood. respond to electrical signals.

have hormone receptors

which of the following are symptoms of pheochromocytoma? low blood glucose slow heart rate cool, dry skin heart palpitations

heart palpitations

how do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

the brain region that exerts the most direct affects on the endocrine system is the

hypothalmus

the most complex endocrine complexes involve the hypothalamus. thyroid gland. thymus gland. pancreas. suprarenal glands.

hypothalmus

where is ADH synthesized?

hypothalmus

the melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH) is produced in the human pars intermedia in some disease processes. in very young children. during pregnancy. during fetal development. All of the answers are correct.

in some disease processes in very young children during pregnancy during fetal development

Bob suffers from severe rheumatoid arthritis associated with overproduction of the growth factor RANKL, the receptors for which are present on osteoclasts. Based on this information, which of the following do you predict Bob will have problems regulating? increased blood calcium levels increased osteoclast activity increased rate of mineral turnover All of the listed responses are correct.

increased blood calciumlevels increased osteoclast activity increased rate of mineral turnover

the condition known as seasonal affective disorder could be a result of increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. decreased levels of testosterone. increased levels of gonadotrophins. increased levels of melatonin. increased levels of melanin.

increased levels of melatonin

the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. increases the level of glucose in the blood. increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. stimulates the formation of white blood cells.

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

which of these hormones is not derived from an amino acid? epinephrine thyroid hormone insulin norepinephrine

insulin

which of the following hormones is/ are water soluble and therefore bins to extracellular receptors? insulin and epinephrine insulin cortisol calcitriol epinephrine

insulin and epinephrine

which of the following is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? sodium iodine potassium iron colloid

iodine

what cells in the body respond to glucagon by taking glycogen and converting it to glucose Cells in the pancreas. Muscle cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. Liver cells. Intestinal cells.

liver cells

body cells that respond to insulin include Muscle cells only. Intestinal cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Liver cells only. Liver cells and muscle cells only.

liver cells as well as most other cells in the body

destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalmus would have which of the following results? loss of GH secretion loss of melatonin secretion loss of emotional response loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion loss of ADH secretion

loss of ADH secretion

the zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces, norepinephrine. epinephrine. glucocorticoids. mineralocorticoids. androgens.

mineral corticoids

the condition known as hirsutism can result from too little TSH. much androgen production. little glucagon. much insulin. much ACTH.

much androgen produciton

what is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) a circadian rhythm of release negative feedback thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

negative feedback

which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes decrease in blood- calcium concentration? osteoblasts All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells. osteoclasts C cells alpha cells

osteoblasts

which of these may result form excessive parathyroid hormone release? osteopenia increased loss of bone minerals elevated blood calcium All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release.

osteopenia increased loss of bone minerals elevated blood calcium

each of the following is secreted by the pars distalis of the adenohypopysis except TSH. somatotropin. FSH. oxytocin. corticotropin.

oxytocin

which of the following is regulated by the neuroendocrine reflex oxytocin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) cortisol

oxytocin

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone

cyclic AMP is degraded by_________. protein kinase adenylate cyclase phosphodiesterase G proteins AMP

phosphodiesterase

which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and the termination of signaling? phosphodiesterase adenylate cyclase protein kinase G protein

phosphodiesterase

which substance degrades cyclic AMP

phosphodiesterase

what is the role of activated protein kinases? Activate adenylate cyclase. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Phosphorylate proteins. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. Degrade cAMP to AMP.

phosphorylate proteins

melatonin is produced by the thymus. heart. pineal gland. kidneys. skin.

pineal gland

water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to______. cytoplasmic receptors protein kinases adenylate cyclase cAMP plasma membrane receptors

plasma membrane receptors

the hypothalmus helps regulate the secretion in the adenohypophysis by direct neural stimulation. gap synaptic junctions. indirect osmotic control. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.

secreting, releasing, and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

liver cells respond to the growth hormone by releasing hormones called glucocorticoids. somatomedins. hepatic hormones. prostaglandins. gonadotrophins.

somatomedins

the pituitary hormone that promotes cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is MSH. somatotropin. ACTH. prolactin. insulin.

somatotropin

hormones are divided into different groups based on their chemistry. steroids. eicosanoids. peptides. amino acid derivatives. All of the answers are correct

steroids eicosanoids peptides amino acid derivatives

a liver cell responds to insulin by Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Releasing glucagon. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Releasing insulin. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon.

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

cells that respond to a hormone are called

target cells

each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except_______ melatonin. epinephrine. norepinephrine. thyroid hormone. testosterone.

testosterone

an activated G protein can trigger______. a) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. b) a fall in cAMP levels. c) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. d) the activation of adenyl cyclase. e) All of the answers are correct.

the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane a fall in cAMP levels the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores the activation of adenyl cyclase

when blood glucose levels are low The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

the pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase

when blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases insulin. The liver releases glucagon. The pancreas releases glucose. The pancreas releases glucagon. The liver releases insulin.

the pancreas releases insulin

which of the following is true regarding the parathyroid glands? There are four small glands. The parathyroid gland contains the four thyroid glands. The two glands straddle the larynx in the neck. The gland sits over the heart. None of the answers are correct.

there are four small glands

which hormone receptor is always bound to DNA even when the receptor is empty.

thyroid hormone

growth factor hormones such as insulin bind to what kind of receptor? tyrosine kinase receptors G proteins intracellular receptors

tyrosine kinase receptors

which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? uterus prostate ductus deferens mammary glands All of the answers are correct.

uterus prostate ductus deferens mammary glands

what kind of hormones bind to receptors in the cell membrane water-soluble lipid-soluble

water-soluble hormones

which is mismatched zona fasciculata; cortisol zona glomerulosa; aldosterone zone reticularis; norepinephrine adrenal medulla; epinephrine

zona recticularis; norepinephrine