Chapter 18 Practice Test
How many liters of blood does an adult body contain?
5
Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma. A) true B) false
A
Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line. A) true B) false
A
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of A) erythrocytes in the blood....the word is pretty much erythrocyte specific; however, as we know, we can observe many other important quantities and values from a clinically prepared hematocrit sample as well. B) leukocytes in the blood. C) platelets in the blood. D) plasma in the blood. E) all formed elements in the blood.
A
The extrinsic pathway of hemostasis (blood coagulation) is initiated by? A) Tissue damage B) Factor VII activation C) Fibrinogen D) Platelets
A
Fit, low body-fat individuals usually have higher relative blood volumes. A) True B) False
A) Because less fat and more red bone marrow means more blood.
Due to blood pressure gradients, blood always flows from an area of greater pressure to an area of lesser pressure. A) True B) False
A) True
Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globin's, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.
A) a, b, c, e, f B) a, c, d, f C) a, b, c, g D) c, d, g E) c, e, g
Leukocytes are the ________ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ________. A) largest; no nucleus B) largest; prominent nuclei C) smallest; no nucleus D) smallest; prominent nuclei
B
The critical role of RBCs (erythrocytes) in the body is: A) defense B) transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide C) coagulation/formation of platelet plug D) All of the above
B
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called A) leukopenia. B) hemopoiesis.....can also be called hematopoiesis C) leukocytosis. D) erythroblastosis. E) agglutination.
B
___ lymphocytes function by directly attacking an infected or cancerous cell, while ____ lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens. A) B, T B) T, B C) AB, O D) O, AB
B
Carbon dioxide binds to which portion of the hemoglobin molecule? A) The heme groups B) Amine (amino) groups in the globin proteins C) To oxygen atoms already present and attached to the heme groups D) To the central iron (Fe) atoms within each heme group
B)
If a patient becomes overly hydrated, this is also referred to as hyponatremia because of the consequent lowering of the concentration of what important electrolyte in the body? A) calcium B) sodium....hyponatremia is aka "water intoxication" C) potassium D) chloride
B) To much water in the blood
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely A) increase. B) decrease. C) not change.
B) because plasma is 90% water and 10 % proteins
What is Anemia?
Blood carrying insufficient oxygen to the cells of the body. Results from not enough RBC's and or deficiency of hemoglobin.
Why is the mechanism of blood clotting "Hemostasis" so important?
Blood coagulation is important because it has to be swift and sure when needed and prevented from happening when it is not needed to reduce the risk of blood clots.
Hemoglobin is a complex biomolecule containing all of the following except? A) protein B) iron- 4 C) cobalt.....Vitamin B12 has an atom of cobalt in its molecular structure, but hemoglobin has iron J D) lipid heme group E) carbon- 4
C
Oxygen attaches to a(n) _____ ion in hemoglobin? A) Calcium: Ca2+ B) Sodium: Na+ C) Iron: Fe2+ D) Potassium: K+
C
. A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure A) increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space. B) increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high. C) decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space. D) decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high.
C colloid osmotic-pressure, is a form of osmotic pressure induced by the proteins, notably albumin , in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that causes a pull on fluid back into the capillary.
Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma A) solvents. B) nutrients....they are micronutrients as well (trace elements), but "C" is best answer. C) electrolytes. D) proteins. E) formed elements
C) Electrolytes are molecules that ionize in a solution.
A clot (thrombus) is best described as A) An aggregation of platelets B) A fibrin network with trapped blood cells C) Agglutination of erythrocytes D) All of the above contribute to the formation of a clot
D
An individual's hematocrit would vary with A) age. B) sex. C) altitude. D) All of the choices are correct
D
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to A) only oxygen. B) only carbon dioxide. C) only nitrogen D) both oxygen and carbon dioxide....this is true specifically because the entire word "hemoglobin" was used, if the word "heme" or "heme-group" was used, then the answer would be ONLY oxygen.
D
Jesselin has Type A-negative blood. Which of the following statements are true regarding Jesselin's blood? A) She has A antibodies in her plasma B) She has A antigens embedded in the plasma-membranes of her erythrocytes C) She has anti-B antibodies in her plasma D) She has the letter "A" literally imprinted and embossed in her blood cells, visible only with the most powerful microscopes E) Both B & C are correct
E
Blood plasma is slightly ________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ________. A) acidic; glucose B) acidic; proteins C) acidic; glycogen D) basic; glucose E) basic; proteins
E The more H+ ions the more basic, the fewer H+ ions the more acidic.
Which leukocyte is usually elevated in patients who have chronic infections and autoimmune disorders, and cancer? A) Basophil- Base releases Histamine and Heparin B) Neutrophil- Neutralizes Bacteria C) Lymphocyte- Immune system/lymphatic system (B and T) D) Eosinophil- Eats worms and allergens E) Monocyte- Makes cancer cells, bacteria, and viruses go away.
E)
Which of the following is not one of the formed elements? A) red blood cells (erythrocytes) B) platelets (thrombocytes) C) lymphocytes D) white blood cells (leukocytes) E) all of the above ARE actually formed elements
E) All of the above ARE actually formed elements
Which of the following are not characteristics of red blood cells? A) they do not have a nucleus B) they are shaped like biconcave discs C) they contain hemoglobin D) their shape can change passively to pass through capillaries (Diapedesis) E) multipored nucleus like a neutrophil
E) multipored nucleus like a neutrophil
If a patient becomes severely hyponatremic, which of the following pathological conditions can occur? A) Seizure B) Coma C) Confusion D) Nausea E) Death F) Unfortunately, all of the above
F
If a severely hyponatremic patient is being treated and their sodium levels are brought back to normal too quickly, what extremely damaging consequence can occur? A) Seizure D) demyelination of nerves B) Coma E) nausea C) Confusion F) death G) All of these
G
What is Hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is made of four globin chains. Each chain is attached to a heme. Inside each heme molecule is an iron atom that will unite with an oxygen molecule making oxyhemoglobin.
Aplastic Anemia
Low RBC, WBC, and platelet count.
oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated = Scarlet (bright red/orange in color) Deoxygenated = crimson (darker bluish/red in color)
Plasma is the fluid portion of blood and makes up approximately 55% of total blood volume. A) True B) False
True
Thrombopoietin
______ is a growth factor that stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets.
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group
b, e
Low plasma percentage of erythrocytes is called
erythropenia
Polycythemia
excess of red blood cells
Low plasma percentage of leukocytes is called
leukocytopenia
High plasma percentage of leukocytes is called
leukocytosis
The production of leukocytes is called _______________.
leukopoiesis
One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will A) increase....this is also called "3rd spacing" & is a pathological condition! B) decrease.
A
One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to A) increase the viscosity of the blood...also makes heart work harder, increases likelihood of heart-attack & stroke, increases likelihood of blood clots as well. B) decrease the blood pressure in the arteries. C) decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. D) increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. E) increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
A
Glucose is a A) polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma. B) polar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood. C) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma. D) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood.
A Polar Molecules dissolve more easily in water and plasma is mostly water.
One of the functions of blood tissue is to distribute communication chemicals such as hormones throughout the body. A) true B) false
A Transportation Temperature Regulation pH regulation Fluid balance Protection
A clot that stays in place is a(n) _______, while a clot that dislodges and circulates in the blood is a(n) ______. A) thrombus, embolus B) embolus, thrombus C) stationary clot, aplastic clot D) aplastic clot, stationary clot
A) thrombus, embolus
The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes A) are actually dead. B) lack a nucleus and organelles. C) have lots of inclusion molecules. D) are not red. E) can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary......a "Rouleau" is a cylindrical formation (stack) of red blood cells: or: What causes RBC rouleaux? When are RBC rouleau's formed? The aggregations, also known as "clumping," form as an allergic reaction to certain antibiotics and not necessarily because of disease. Conditions that cause rouleaux formation include infections, multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, inflammatory and connective tissue disorders, and cancers.
B
Which leukocyte is predominant in the dead tissue, cells, and bacteria making up pus? A) basophil B) neutrophil C) lymphocyte D) eosinophil E) monocyte
B
The proteins in blood plasma include all of the following except... A) albumins B) coumadins.........coumadins are blood thinners used in clinical therapies C) globulins D) clotting factors
B) coumadins
François has type O-positive blood. Circle any of the following statements that are true about François's blood: A) He has O antigens dissolved in his plasma B) He has anti-A antibodies dissolved in his plasma C) He has anti-B antibodies dissolved in his plasma D) He does not have any antigens embedded in his erythrocytes at all E) He has Rh antigens, which are transmembrane proteins expressed at the surface of his erythrocytes. F) He is considered to be a "universal donor"
B, C, F
The most numerous of the formed elements are the A) neutrophils. B) platelets. C) erythrocytes. D) basophils. E) albumins.
C
Which of the following refer to the device used to separate whole blood into different layers? A) Blood separator B) Hemostat C) Centrifuge D) Blood-O-Matic Whiz......ha ha! J
C
The process of red blood cell formation is called: A) creations rouge B) hematopoiesis- Blood Cells C) erythropoiesis.......specific to RBCs! D) leukopoiesis- WBCs
C) Erythropoiesis
Is the term to describe the volume percent of red blood cells in whole blood. A) buffy coat B) hemoglobin C) hematocrit D) hemostasis
C) Hematocrit
The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the A) globulins. B) endocrine hormones. C) albumins....made by liver, presence & quantity of them is indicative of healthy liver functioning, clinically determined by a LFT (liver function test). D) fibrinogens. E) prothrombins.
C) They also are very important for keeping the blood viscous so it stays in the vein.
Which of the following white blood cells secretes heparin and histamine and is an important mediator (chemical in the body) of the inflammatory response? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils........let us also remember that when basophils migrate into tissue spaces, they get larger and become mast cells. D) lymphocytes
C) basophils........let us also remember that when basophils migrate into tissue spaces, they get larger and become mast cells
The entire process of blood cell formation is called: A) leukocytosis B) erythropoiesis C) hematopoiesis........the word hemopoiesis can also be used D) leukopenia
C) hematopoiesis........the word hemopoiesis can also be used
Hemolytic anemia, an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal types of hemoglobin, includes which of the following examples? A) iron deficiency anemia.....not hemolytic B) Thalassemia C) pernicious anemia D) sickle-cell anemia E) B & D
C. pernicious anemia....not hemolytic, caused from Vit. B12 deficiency, or lack of intrinsic factor due to pathology of parietal cells in stomach lining. Most cases result from the lack of the gastric protein known as intrinsic factor, without which vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. Correct Answer: B&D
The intrinsic pathway of hemostasis (blood coagulation) is initiated by? A) Tissue damage B) Factor VII activation C) Fibrinogen D) Platelets
D
Which of the following is not a function of blood? A) prevention of fluid loss B) transport of nutrients and waste C) maintenance of homeostatic ally regulated pH levels D) production of hormones
D
Which type of leukocyte increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections? A) Basophil B) Neutrophil C) Lymphocyte D) Eosinophil E) Monocyte
D
Which of the following is not a function of blood? A) heat-regulation B) picking up and delivering food and oxygen C) picking up wastes and carbon dioxide for excretion D) directing nervous impulses
D) Directing Nervous Impulses
Which of the following is not one of the three basic steps in the blood clotting mechanism? A) release of clotting factors from injured tissue and sticky platelets at injury sight B) series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of thrombin C) formation of fibrin and trapping of blood cells to form a clot D) plasminogen gets converted to plasmin in order to hydrolyze fibrin strands and dissolves the clot
D) plasminogen gets converted to plasmin in order to hydrolyze fibrin strands and dissolves the clot
High plasma percentage of erythrocytes is called
erythrocytosis
