CHAPTER 18

taiga

the northern coniferous forest

how much has emissions of greenhouse gases increased since 1990?

61%

How much deforestation occurs today?

80%

Which of the following sea creatures might be described as a pelagic animal of the aphasic zone? a. a coral reef fish b. a giant clam near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent c. an internal snail d. a deep-sea squid

A

5. identify the following biomes on the graph (on page 401): tundra, coniferous forest, desert, grassland, temperate broadleaf forest, and tropical rain forest

A. DESERT, B. GRASSLAND; C. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST D. TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST; E, CONIFEROUS FOREST F. TUNDRA

8. what human activity is responsible for the greatest amount of deforestation?

AGRICULTURE

Why is there so much rainfall in the tropics?

Air at the equator rises as it is warmed by direct sunlight. this causes clouds formation and rainfall because cool air holds less moisture than warm air

10. The recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is mainly a result of an increase in a. plant growth b. the absorption of heat radiating from earth c. the burning of fossil fuels and wood d. cellular respiration by the increasing human population

C

9. What is the greenhouse effect? how is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?

CARBON DIOXIDE AND OTHER GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE ABSORB HEAT ENERGY RADIATING FROM EARTH AND REELECTS IT BACK TOWARDS EARTH.

6. We are on a costal hillside on a hot, dry summer day among evergreen shrubs that are adapted to fire. We are most likely standing in a ___________________ biome.

CHAPARRAL

Place these levels of ecological study in order form the least to the most comprehensive: community ecology, ecosystem ecology, organismal ecology, population ecology

ORGANISMAL, POPULATION, COMMUNITY, ECOSYSTEM

7. What three abiotic factors account for the rarity of trees in arctic tundra?

PERMAFORM, VERY COLD WINTERS, AND HIGH WINDS

The formation of goose bumps on your skin in cold weather is an example of a (an) __________ response, while seasonal migration is an example of a (an) _____________ response.

PHSYIOLOGICAL ; BEHAVIORAL

11. What population of organisms are most likely to survive climate change via evolutionary adaption?

POPULATION OF ORGANISMS THAT HAVE GENETIC VARIABILITY AND SHORT LIFE SPANS

Name several abiotic factors that might affect the community of organisms living inside a home fish tank

ROCKS, LIGHT, WATER TEMPERATURE, AIR BUBBLER

Chaparral

Summers are hot and dry, cool ocean currents circulating off shore produce a mild, rainy winter.

estuary

a transitions area between a river and the ocean

pelagic realm

all oceans includes all open water

abiotic factors

all of the nonorganic comments of the environment

biotic factor

all of the organisms in the environment

temperate rain forest

coast north america

organismal ecology

concerned with the evolutionary adaptation that enables organisms to meet the challenges pose in their abiotic environments

coniferous forest

cone-bearing evergreen trees (pine, spruce, etc...) located in the Northern hemisphere.

Polar ice

covers the land at high latitude of north arctic tundra. Year round extreme colds, and little precipitation.

Clear cut

cutting down all of the trees in one location

Terrestrial Biomes

ecosystems that are grouped based on the type of vegetation

Tropical Forest

equatorial areas where the temperature is warm, days are long (11-12 hours) all year round, and they receive 200-400 cm of rain per year.

Tundra

expansive areas of the arctic between the taiga and polar ice. Permafrost, bitterly cold temperatures, and high winds

population ecology

factors that affect population density and growth

Savanna

flat plains that are dominated by grasses and scattered trees, temperature is warm all year-round and rain fall avers 30-50 cm per year. (dramatic seasonal variation)

community ecology

focus on how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community structure and organization

biome

is a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and the physical environment in aquatic biomes

wetland

is a transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one

benthic realm

is at the bottom of all aquatic biomes

Fresh water biomes cover how much of the earth?

less than 1% of Earth and they contain a mere .01% of its water

aphotic zone

light levels are too low to support photosynthesis

What has the increase of CO2 done ?

made the oceans more acidic

temperate broadleaf forest

midlatitude where their is a sufficient moisture to suppose the growth of large trees.

Hierarchy of Interactions

organism < population < community < ecosystem

Permafrost

permanently frozen subsoil

What is the main way the living organism contribute to the water cycle?

plants move water from the ground to the air via transpiration

ecosystem ecology

questions concern energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors

photic zone

shallow water near shore and the upper layer of water away from shore

temperate grasslands

similar to tropical savannas, but they are mostly treeless, except along rivers and streams. Fertile land for growing crops

habitat

specific environment it lives in

What are abiotic factors?

temperature, water, inorganic nutrients

carbon footprint

the amount of greenhouse gas emitted as a result of the actions of a single individual

greenhouse effect

the atmosphere traps heat in the same way that glass keeps heat inside a greenhouse.

Deserts

the driest of all biomes, characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall -less than 30 cm, dramatic soil temperature and large temperature fluctuations