chapter 18

Because the Scientific Revolution's ideas challenged and defied so much of traditional religious beliefs and the Church's institutional authority, it would be safe to describe it as anti-religion.

False

T/F: The Japanese eradicated Christianity completely from the newly unified country after an all-out campaign against foreign influences.

False

What about Japan allowed Christianity to spread more widely there than in China?

Japan's political divisions kept any single powerful entity from banning them from the country

_________________: Men and women are equal before God. (characteristics of Sikhism appealed to people in northern India and urbanites on the coast)

gender equality

While reactionary movements may have taken place here, they tended to be ineffective. regions with:

a lot of political or religious divisions and no clear central leader

_________________: The language of religious texts was Punjabi, understandable to most literate people in Nanak's region of India. (characteristics of Sikhism appealed to people in northern India and urbanites on the coast)

accessibility

_________________________________: This aided widespread intellectual growth by bringing more people together and creating the environment for exchanges.

faster urbanization

One of the major advancements in the Scientific Revolution was _________________, which says that the planets revolved around the sun. This challenged the prevailing _____________ ___________ that everything revolved around the Earth.

heliocentrism Ptolemaic notion

___________________: A belief that human matters were worthy of careful study and the basis for artistic and literary expression.

humanism

_______________________________: These new tools brought new and disruptive information that challenged traditional beliefs and assumptions.

invention of telescopes and microscopes

_________________: This group would have had better access to Luther's ideas and the ability to read them.

literate urbanites

______________________: caused Ideas and information moved farther and faster than ever before.

oceanic voyaging and quickening of commerce

________________: This group believed Luther's ideas on their own terms, but they also turned to Protestantism because they thought it might boost their standing or allow them to seize property belonging to the church.

political authorities

______________: All moral codes apply equally to everyone regardless of social status. (characteristics of Sikhism appealed to people in northern India and urbanites on the coast)

rejection of caste

__________________: A growing fascination and re-engagement with ancient Greek and Roman wisdom, literature, philosophy, history, and art that began in the 1300s and accelerated in the 1400s.

renaissance

most welcoming of new ideas and diverse religions, regions with:

rulers who were the most secure

Martin Luther, one of the leading religious reformers of his day, developed two important concepts. He emphasized the importance of ______________ over traditions of the church. He also taught that salvation came through________________ rather than good works. His ideas spread rapidly thanks to a combination of the __________________ and German political fragmentation that impeded the Catholic Church's ability to punish him.

scripture faith printing press

least welcoming of new ideas and often organized clampdowns or persecutions in response, regions with:

successors who were less secure

T/F: As a result of the Protestant Reformation, the most religiously diverse region in Europe by 1555 was Hungary.

true

T/F: This image suggests that the Japanese reacted violently against outside influences like Christianity, which they sought to rid themselves of around 1600.

true

While the intellectual upheaval from 1400 to 1750 unfolded in many places across the world, it happened in Europe more than anywhere else.

true

_________________: This group embraced Luther's emphasis on the primacy of God's law, which they took as justification for revolting against taxes and laws of local princes and the church.

village peasants

2 Quotes that supports the statement: Sikh belief that Islam and Hinduism are two sides of the same coin.

"allah (Islam god), Ram (major hindu deity), I live by your name" & "The south is Hari's abode; Allah's camp is in the west. Look inside your own heart—inside your heart of hearts—there is His abode, His camp"

characteristics of Hinduism that Sikhism follow

1. Sikhs accept reincarnation 2. Early on, Sikhs embraced pacificism

Characteristics of Islam that Sikhism follow

1. Sikhs believed in one creator God. 2. Sikhs believed eating meat was ok. 3. Sikhism holds that God's supreme creation was humankind

From the late Song through the Ming dynasties, the intellectual elite in China embraced a coherent ideology we call ______________. It relied on the wisdom of Confucius and Mencius, but it also included a major emphasis on _______________ and disciplined study in the pursuit of an ethical and upright life. Wang Yangming, a neo-Confucian himself, disrupted that ideology by arguing that true knowledge could only come from _____________________, which left a lasting influence on China's intellectual traditions.

1. neo-Confucianism. 2. self-cultivation 3. experience

Place the following events in chronological order to demonstrate how the Safavids enabled Shi'a Islam to triumph in Iran: a. Ismail established the Safavid dynasty in northwest Iran and took over the rest of Iran and some Iraq b. Safavids established a religiously uniform and politically secure theocracy by even exiling or executing Muslims and other who resisted the religious program c. the leaders of the safavis embraced Shi'a Islam d. Tahmasp enforced Shi'ism by closing institutions that did not reflect values and required men to keep their beards

C, A, D, B

In the early 1500s, a Chinese philosopher named Wang Yangming challenged the reigning ideology in China. How did Wang disrupt China's Confucian tradition? A. He argued that true wisdom and understanding could only be reached through action and experience. B. Wang's ideas were so disruptive because he even rejected Buddhist principles in his new path toward self-cultivation. C. He rejected the idea that knowledge was only attainable through focused study. D. Wang's ideas were especially revolutionary for aspiring individuals of humble origins since, in Wang's thinking, anyone had innate knowledge and could achieve moral perfection.

Correct: A, C, & D Wrong: B

What made chemistry central to the Scientific Revolution? a. Paracelsus, a sixteenth-century chemist, proved that most diseases humans experienced came from an imbalance in elements like sulfur, mercury, or salt. b. Experiments with alchemy, the attempt to transform worthless metals into gold, drove experimentation and theory in chemistry. c. The most important outcome of Paracelsus's many experiments was his contribution to establishing a scientific methodology of experimentation. d. Many of the early chemists formulated ideas that have held up over the centuries and serve as the foundation for the principles of modern chemistry.

Correct: B & C

What are some conclusions we can make about women in the age of intellectual upheaval during the 1600s and 1700s based on the experiences of women such as Martine Berterau, Eva Ekeblad, or Elena Cornaro? a. The examples of these women demonstrate that women left as much of an impact on Eurasia as men like Newton, Galileo, and Copernicus. b. While Berterau, Cornaro, and Ekeblad all experienced pushback for venturing into intellectual circles dominated by men, they nevertheless made important contributions to science and the production of knowledge. c. These women were from the most elite segments of society, making it easier for them to gain access to education and influence. d. Women were completely barred from universities and academies in this period.

Correct: B & C Wrong: A & D

The intellectual and religious turbulence that gripped Eurasia between 1500 and 1750 had local causes, but it also had much larger causes connected to the evolution of a Global web as well. Which of the following were some of those larger causes? a. Influential philosophers and religious reformers embraced the value of experience rather than just book learning. b. The flow of ideas and information got faster. c.New information from the Americas, from outer space, or even from behind a microscope often clashed with old systems of thought. d. Influential philosophers and religious reformers embraced the value of experience rather than just book learning., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. People generally rejected the notion of personal responsibility and approaches to God.

Correct: B & C wrong: A (this was an effect of the intellectual), D

What characterized the philosophical and religious reorientation in Iran under Shah Abbas? a. While previous rulers had cracked down on religious diversity, Abbas insisted on relaxing the strict adherence to Shi'ism to avoid losing intellectuals and artists. b. Shi'a theologians, encouraged by Abbas, established a new religious orthodoxy. c. Mulla Sadra, a Sufi and Shi'a theologian, shaped a new theology that reconciled the emotional and personal elements of Sufism with writings of early Muslim thinkers like Ibn Sina. d. State power drove the reorientation, and it was led by one of the most effective Safavid rulers.

Correct: B, C, & D

English physician William Harvey famously developed the principle of the circulation of the blood, a new concept in the seventeenth century. Which aspects of his contribution to the field of medicine reflect changes happening to most other fields of science in the same period? A. Harvey's work on understanding the human body was consistent with a general focus on revealing errors of religious teachings about how the world works shared across all scientific fields in this era. B. Harvey published his book on the circulation of the blood, which included detailed diagrams of his observations of the heart pumping blood through arteries into capillaries and from veins back to the heart. C. He built on the theories of thirteenth-century Egyptian medical expert Ibn al-Nafis, showing the connection between Islamic and Christian worlds. D. To understand the subtleties of human anatomy, Harvey performed dissections on human cadavers and live animals.

Correct: B, C, & D Wrong: A

Place the following philosophers in order to show how knowledge about a heliocentric system gained traction in sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe A. Galileo Galilei B. Isaac Newton C. Johannes Kepler D. Nicholas Copernicus

D, C, A, B

If Korea had already developed moveable metal type around the time that Gutenberg did, why did Korea not experience the same kind of revolution in reading, publishing, and the flow of information that occurred in Europe?

Literacy rates were far lower in Korea and some elites resisted the 24- letter alphabet on which its moveable metal type was based

________________________________: A movement led most forcefully by Martin Luther that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church to reform its corrupt practices. It led to political, cultural, and social ruptures that transformed Europe.

Protestant Reformation

_________________________: A transformation in systematic observation and experimentation that sought to find the true essence of things through careful study

Scientific Revolution

T/F: Around 1600, the Japanese targeted Christian missionaries for attack, including burning them at the stake and beheading them.

True

T/F: The Catholic Counter-Reformation effectively stamped out anything but Catholicism in France and Spain.

True

T/F: The Catholic Counter-Reformation was most effective in the Holy Roman Empire and the Poland-Lithuania regions.

True

T/F: Two factors in Europe during the 1500s that were behind the Scientific Revolution include political fragmentation throughout Europe and the fact that there was not an authoritative body of learning and wisdom that would stand in the way of new ideas.

True

English physician __________________ famously developed the principle of the circulation of the blood, a new concept in the seventeenth century.

William Harvey

How did the Renaissance disrupt European society and culture? A. It disrupted prevailing European thought by focusing on human affairs and achievements. b. Renaissance artists and writers no longer produced works about the Bible or religious matters. Instead, they focused on elements of everyday life. c. The Renaissance caused political fragmentation in northern Italy and Germany, which weakened the former realms of the Roman Catholic Church. d. Renaissance thinkers used their knowledge to challenge existing structures of authority.

correct: A & D wrong: B & C

In what ways was the intellectual upheaval from 1500 to 1750 uneven across Eurasia? a. Cities experienced greater effects and experienced them sooner than the countryside. b. The intellectual upheaval affected the elite the most. c. It affected Europe more than anywhere else in Eurasia. d. Women played major influential roles in the intellectual and religious turbulence of the period, but their contributions went unnoticed.

correct: A, B, & C wrong: D (women played a part but they were not a major influence like men philosophers)

How was the Catholic Church able to check the spread of Protestantism after 1550? a. The Catholic Church carried its beliefs and traditions across the world to places like the Americas, Africa, India, China, and Japan. b. Catholic leaders normally sought amicable solutions to their conflicts with people of other faiths, preferring to come to a mutual agreement like the Peace of Augsburg than use force. c. The Catholic Church turned inward and addressed some of the problems that caused the Protestant Reformation. d. Protestant infighting and disunity made it easier for the Pope's armies and his allies to beat them in battle.

correct: A, C & D wrong: B

What evidence supports the claim that the invention of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press was revolutionary? a. By 1500, at least 236 European towns had acquired a printing press, and they had churned out around 20 million books. b. The most popular printed items for sale included religious texts such as the Bible and catechisms. c. In the 200 years following the introduction of the printing press, literacy rates in Europe rose from as low as 5 percent in the mid-1400s to as high as 50 percent by 1650. d. Europeans brought the printing press across the world to their areas of influence in the Americas, Oceania, and East Asia.

correct: A, C, & D

Based on your knowledge of the Safavid dynasty and your analysis of this text, what messages is Ismail attempting to convey with this declaration? A. He is the greatest conqueror of his era. B. He is full of wealth and riches, more so than anyone else. C. He is a direct descendent of Muhammad. D. He is the rightful leader of all Muslims.

correct: A, C, & D wrong: B

From 1500 to 1750, converging human webs of interaction produced a period of cultural upheaval led by religious and intellectual movements. Which of the following events contributed to this swirl of activity throughout the Old World web? a. The convergence of the Chinese, Arabic, and Indian culture in India caused a resurgence in Confucian thinking in India under neo-Confucianism. b. The discovery and spread of new information challenged long-held assumptions in religious and philosophical traditions. c. Cultural upheaval led to several reactionary movements such as witch burning, the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and the purge of foreign influences in Japan. d. The emergence of Safavid Iran allowed Shi'a Islam to triumph.

correct: B, D, &C wrong: A

What factors led to the rise of Sikhism in India? a. Nanak's vision and ability to attract followers b.innovative ideas and information from the Americas and Oceania c. the rise of Sufism in Iran d. the emergence of the singh, a class of warriors that could protect Sikhs from outside attack

correct: a, c &d. wrong: B

_________________________________: This lowered the cost of information, improved its accuracy, sped up its flow, and made controlling ideas much harder.

development of the Gutenberg printing press

___________________: Trade in the Indian Ocean world had exposed urbanites and merchants to a variety of religions, and Sikhism reflected that. (characteristics of Sikhism appealed to people in northern India and urbanites on the coast)

diversity

T/F: For the most part, the Japanese continued to sustain their embrace of Christianity even after Japanese rulers targeted other elements of outside influence.

false

T/F: One result of the competition between Catholics and Protestants in Europe was that it fueled a witch-hunting craze. An accusation of witchcraft and an execution were likely to happen in areas where either Catholic or Protestant leaders had won the allegiance of most inhabitants.

false

T/F: Overall, from 1555 to 1650, Protestantism increased its influence throughout Europe.

false