Chapter 18 The Progressive movement Study Guide
Temperance
(n) moderation, self-control, esp. regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol
Arbitration
(n.) the process or act of resolving a dispute (The employee sought official arbitration when he could not resolve a disagreement with his supervisor.)
Robert La Follette
1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.
Eugene Debs
1855-1926. American union leader, one of the founders of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World, and five-time Socialist Party of America Presidential Candidate.
Newlands Reclamation Act
1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
Muckrakers
1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business
Meat Inspection Act
1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.
Jacob Riis
A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.
Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot
Both believed that that trained experts in forestry and resource management should apply the same scientific standards landscape that owners were applying to the management of cities industries
What did Wilson help establish to support the banking system?
Federal Reserve System. Banks would have to keep a portion of their deposits in a regional reserve bank, which would provide a financial cushion against unanticipated losses
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote
How did Roosevelt handle the coal miners' strike?
He believed it was his job to keep society operating efficiently by preventing conflict between the nation's different groups and their interests. He put his beliefs into practice. Roosevelt put into play arbitration.
What inspired the Prohibition Movement?
Many progressives believed alcohol was responsible for many problems in American life. Settlement t house workers hated the effects drinking had on the families. Scarce wages were spent on alcohol, and drinking sometimes led to physical abuse and sickness. Many Christians also opposed alcohol. Some employers believed drinking hurt workers' efficiency, while political reformers viewed the saloon as the informal headquarters of the machine politics they opposed.
17th Amendment
Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
The Bitter Cry of Children
Published in 1906, it is an expose of the horrific working conditions of child laborers.
Why did Roosevelt create the Department of Commerce and Labor / Bureau of Corporations?
Regulate stocks
List some of the main differences between Taft and Roosevelt
Roosevelt acted quickly and decisively on issues, and Taft responded slowly, approaching problems from a legalistic point of view.
New Nationalism
Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
What were 2 early problems that the suffrage movement suffered?
The women suffragists were accused of being un feminine and immoral. Several physically attacked. The movement also remained weak because many of its supporters were abolitionists as well. In the years before the civil war, they preferred to concentrate on abolishing slavery.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Conservative leader of the NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 and pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.
How did the Progressive Movement change American's views concerning the role of government?
There were new attitudes towards the federal government, many thought it was needed to control the growing power of corporations and industry; Vast expansions of the federal government; Lots of focus on safety of workers and the public in general
Hepburn Act
This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.
The Jungle
This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.
Lincoln Steffens
United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.
What does the Federal Trade Commission do?
controls the monetary polic central bank for the united states, created by congress to provide the nation with a safer and flexible monetary and financial system
How did Taft disappoint/upset the Progressives?
taft chose to move more cautiously as president toward reforms and regulations and this upset progressives
Initiatives
new plans or strategies
What allowed Wilson to win the election?
the slit election between Taft and Roosevelt
What did the Progressive Movement do for the rights of African Americans?
they wanted public interest, or the good of people to guide government actions
Recall
A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.
16th Amendment
Allows the federal government to collect income tax
The Triangle Shirtwaist Company
A fire in a factory that resulted in the death of 146 employees, this event prompted new safety requirements to be set in the workplace.
Prohibition
A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages
Ida Tarbell
A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.
Commission Plan
A municipal reform in which voters elect the heads of city departments like fire, police, and sanitation rather than just the mayor. It was first used in Galveston, Texas in 1900, but was replaced by the manager-council plan of municipal government.
Referendum
A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
Efficiency Progressives
Argued that managing a modern city required experts, not politicians. Didn't want democracy bc democratic process led to compromise and corruption
How did senators get elected before the direct elections?
Direct Election of U.S. Senators. Americans did not directly vote for senators for the first 125 years of the Federal Government. The Constitution, as it was adopted in 1788, stated that senators would be elected by state legislatures.
Insubordination
Disobedience to authority
Square Deal
Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers
Direct Primary
Election in which voters choose party nominees.
What pushed Wilson to initiate more reforms before his reelection campaign?
He felt his New Freedom program was complete so he began to retreat from activism. The congressional elections of 1914 shattered the president's complacency. He realized that we wouldn't be able to rely on divided opposition when he ran for r-election, so he began to support new reforms. Wilson signed the 1st federal law regulating child labor. The Keating-Own Child Labor Act prohibited the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories producing goods for interstate commerce. The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional on the grounds that child labor wasn't interstate commerce and therefore only states could regulate it. Wilson Leo supported the Adamson Act, which established the 8- hr workday for railroad workers, and the Federal Farm Loan Act, which created 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers with long term loans at low interest rates
Alice Paul
Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.
When did the progressive era exist?
It occurred from 1896-1916, during the two republican eras.
NAWSA
The major organization for suffrage for women, it was founded in 1890 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Supported the Wilson administration during World War Iand split with the more radical National Woman's Party, who in 1917 began to picket the White House because Wilson had not forcefully stated that women should get the vote
Progressivism
The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.
Suffrage
The right to vote
Describe what happened in the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy
a dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split of the Republican Party before the 1912 Presidential Election and helped to define the U.S. conservation movement in the early 20th century.
Syndicate
a group of persons or companies united to carry out some enterprise or business; to form such an association
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.