Chapter 18

A man's natural rights included....

Equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and the right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness

This diplomatic revolution led to another war between the European powers. What three main areas of the world was the Seven Years' War fought?

Europe, India, and North America

Why were foundling homes considered a legal form of infanticide?

Foundling institutions often proved fatal for infants

How did the nations of Europe deal with the problem of poverty? Cite examples from 2 countries?

France: French authorities attempted to round beggars up, but this proved ineffective. Later, they tried to give people jobs with public works, but not many funds were available to accomplish much. British: They had licensed and un-licensed beggars. They also had a public supported system of poverty relief.

Who violated the Pragmatic Sanction?

Frederick II

What did Frederick William keep a close watch over?

Frederick William personally kept a close watch over his officials to ensure that they performed their duties

What is textile

Woolen cloth

What were the four factors that led to 18th century increases in food production?

More farmland, increased crop yields per acre, healthier and more abundant livestock, and an improved climate

Why did upper class women NOT breastfeed their children?

Mother from higher social status considered breastfeeding undignified and hired we nurses instead.

Why was the British parliament NOT a true representation of the people?

Out of 405 borough deputies, 293 were chosen by less than 500 voters. Although all holders of property worth at least 40 shillings a year could vote, members of the leading landed gentry families were elected over and over again

The traditional family was still a very important factor in European society.... Marriage was decide by whom?

Parents

What did the enclosure acts in England do?

Parliment allowed agricultural lands to be legally closed. England gradually became a land of large estates, and many small farmers were forced to become wage laborers or tenant farmers. It largely destroyed the traditional patterns of English village

In 1773, Pugachev led a rebellion of ________>

Peasants

Which nation helped bring about a stalemate and end to the European part of this war?

Peter III with Russia

Much like Peter the Great of Russia, Catherine was also successful in expanding Russian territory. Whom did she conquer territory from?

Poland and Southward to the Black Sea

Which nation refused to compromise - thus - assuring another war?

Prussia

Describe the cottage industry

A merchant capitalist brought materials to workers, who spun and weave it into cloth then sold it. Spinners and Weavers did their work in their own cottage.

Why did the rebellion of peasants break out?

All of the discontent of the peasants from everything going on in the government caused this to break out

Catherine was finally able to stop the rebellion by 1775. How did she punish those who rebelled?

All rural reform was halted, and serfdom was expanded into newer parts of the empire

Which three European nations partitioned [divided up] Poland?

Austria, Russia, Prussia

The noble class only made up 2-3% of European societies, but had incredible wealth and privilege. List some of these privileges:

Being born a noble automatically guaranteed a place at the top of the social order. The legal privileges of the nobility included judgment by their peers, immunity from sever punishment and exemption from many forms of taxation.

What helped bring about a British victory?

British fortunes were revived by the efforts of William Pitt the Elder. He concentrated his resources on the British navy on the colonial war. The defeat of French fleets in major naval battles in 1759 gave the British an advantage since the French could no longer easily reinforced their garrisons.

What's the significance of this war for the British?

By 1763, Great Britain had become the worlds greatest colonial power

Describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris?

By the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to Britain. Their ally Spain transferred Spanish Florida to British control; in return the French gave their Louisiana territory to the Spainish

Charles VI of Austrian was extremely worried about his succession because he didn't have a son. He worked diligently to get the European powers to abide by the PRAGMATIC SANCTION. What did this do?

By various European power, it agreed to recognize his daughter as his legal heir

Why was the death rate in the cities so high?

Cities still experienced high death rates because of unsanitary living conditions, polluted water, and a lack of sewerage facilities.

What types of foods did peasants eat?

Dark bread remained the basic staple. Peasants drank water, wine, and beer and ate soups and gruel made of grains and vegetables. Potatoes and corn added important elements to the peasant diet

European trade flourished in the 18th century. How did this impact European economically and socially?

Economically, trade led to the growth of many parts and related industries. Socially, many towns and cities grew. Save trade was very widespread and common now.

Maria's son Joseph II focused on enlightened reform. What policy changes did he make that embodied "enlightened" ideology?

He abolished serfdom and tried to give the peasants hereditary rights to their holdings. He also instituted a new penal code that abrogated (repeal or do away with (a law, right, or formal agreement)) the death penalty and established the principle of equality of all before the law. He included complete religious toleration and restrictions on the Catholic Church

Describe how these reforms caused PROBLEMS in Austria

He alienated the nobility by freeing the serfs and alienated the church by his attacks on the monastic establishment. The peasants were unhappy, unable to comprehend the drastic changes inherent in Joseph's policies. He alienated the non-German nationalities.

What made Frederick "the Great" so great? (aka... Enlightened)

He was one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs at the eighteenth century. He was well versed in Enlightenment thought and even invited Voltaire to live at this court for several years.

What policies made him NOT so great?

He was too dependent on the Prussian nobility to interfere with it on with the hierarchical structure of Prussian society. He was a social conservative who made Prussian society even more aristocratic than it had been before.

Catherine "flirted" with enlightened ideas but ultimately understood that her success depended upon whom?

Her success depended on the support of the palace guard and the gentry class from which it stemmed

Why would Europeans resort to infanticide?

In economic crisis, children proved such a burden to some families that the resorted to infanticide or abandoned their children at foundling homes

How did Catherine's policies affect the peasantry?

In led to a full scale revolt that spread to the volga valley

Most European states in the 18th century were ruled by_______

Monarchs

Describe "Prussian militarism" and how it dominated this nation:

It became synonymous with the extreme exaltation of military virtues. Prussian was basically "an army with a country which served as headquarters an food magazine."

What was the point of balance-of-power politics

It helped to counter balance the power of 1 state by another to prevent any 1 state from dominating the others standing armies which resolved disputes by armed conflict

In what ways did the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694 help expand finances?

It made loans along with receiving deposits and exchanging foreign currencies they provided bank notes; a paper substitute for gold and silver coins

Why do historians often define the 18th century from the years 1715 - 1789?

It politically makes sense because 1715 marks the end of the age of Louis XIV and 1789 the year in which the French Revoltion erupted

What were the terms of the peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle?

It promised the return of all occupied territories except silesia to their original owners

Frederick William I "the soldier's king" (1713 - 1740) increased the power of the central bureaucracy with the establishment of the General Directory. What did it oversee?

It supervised military, police, economic and financial affairs

What was a foundling home?

It was a charity. favorite of the rich, where people left their children to be taken care of

What important functions did a village serve?

It was the center of social life for the peasants. it maintained public order; provided poor relief a village church and sometimes a schoolmaster; collected taxes for the central government; maintained roads and bridges; and established common procedures for sowing, plowing and harvesting crops

In Catherine's reorganization of local government, who became responsible for the day-to-day governing?

Local nobility

Describe some of the problems of the French monarchy in the 18th century:

Louis XV was weak and lazy and practically let other people rule for him. The loss of an empire in the seven years war, accompanied by burdensome taxes, an ever mounting public debt, more hungry people, and a court life at Versailles that remained frivolous and carefree, showed the disgust within the monarchy.

Why did lower class women breastfeed their children?

Lower class women breast fed their own children because that provided the best nourishment

In the "Great War for Empire" - Britain and France fought over control of what country?

Madreas....India?

This started the War of the Austrian Succession - who sided with whom?

Maria Theresa - Austria, Great Britain vs. French

Many aristocratic county homes were built in the Georgian style which sought more comfort and privacy. List ways that nobles created more privacy for themselves in these country homes. BE SPECIFIC

Servants were house in their own wing of rooms and alerted to their employees desire for assistance by long boards connected to bells in the servants quarters. Landowners increased open spaces around their houses to further themselves from lower class villages. These spaces were enclosed by walls and called parks to provide even more privacy

What actions did Maria Theresa do to increase the centralization of the monarchy in the Austrian empire?

She divided the Austrian and Bohemian lands into 10 provinces and subdivided them into districts, all administered by royal officials rather than represntatives of the diets

What types of enlightened reform did Catherine attempt to make in Russia?

She questioned the institutions of serfdom, torture, and capital punishment and even advocated the principle of the equality of all people in the eyes of the law. She divided Russia into 50 provinces, each of which was divided into districts, ruled by elected officials

Who Won?

The British

The worst part of the 7 years' war was fought in North America. Here in America we refer to this conflict as what?

The French and Indian War

Why did England become known as Great Britain in 1707?

The United Kingdom o Great Britain came into existence in 1707 when the governments of England and Scotland were united. The term British came to refer to both English and Scots.

"Although urban dwellers were vastly outnumbered by rural inhabitants, towns played an important role in Western culture." Describe that role:

The contrasts between a large city, with its education, culture, and natural consumption, and the surrounding, often poverty-stricken countryside were striking. Towns lived off the countryside not by buying peasant produce but by acquiring it through tithes, rents, and dues

What helped bring about a change in attitudes towards child rearing in the second half of the 18th century?

The impact of the Enlightenment thought and the increasing survival of more infants led to new attitude toward children. Childhood came to be viewed more and more as a distinct phase in human development. Also, the practice of how the oldest son got all the largest share of the parents estate.

The Polish nobles really wanted to make sure that their king was limited in power. Unfortunately, this led to negative consequences.... Describe Poland's troubles in the 18th century:

The nobles put many restrictions on the Polish King, which eliminated an absolute King. They now did not have an absolutist state

The Junkers were the Prussian nobles who had a monopoly over what?

The official corps of the Prussian army.

What did the enlightened philosophes think about WAR?

The philosphes condemned war as a foolish waste of life and resources in stupid quarrels of no value to humankind

What two new foods from the Americans DRAMATICALLY changed diets in Europe?

The potato and maize (Indian corn)

Define patronage:

The practice of awarding titles and making appointments to government and other positions to gain political support.

Describe 18th century warfare

The professional standing army became a standard feature of 18th century Europe. Between 1740 and 1780, the French army grew from 190,000 to 300,000 men in the Prussian, from 83,000 to 200,000; the Austrian, from 108,000 to 282, 000; and the Russian, from 130,000 to 290,000. Many 18th century armies were partly composed of foreign troops many from Switzerland or the petty German states.

What was the purpose of the aristocratic "Grand Tour"?

The sons of aristocrats were able to complete their education by making a tour of Europes major cities the grand tour was crucial to education

Why was there significant population growth in Europe during the 18th century?

There was a decline in the death rate thanks to more plentiful food and better transportation of food supplies, which led ot improved diets and some relief from devastating famines. Also, the introduction of new crops from the Americas created a more bountiful and nutritious food supply. Another great significance was the end to the bubonic plague

Peasants in Western Europe were free, but still had many feudal obligations to pay to both the church and their landlord. Describe this system

There were legally free, but not exempt from burdens. Peasants still owed money for fees because of titles and who they went to

Peasants in Eastern Europe were NOT free - but rather serfs. Describe what life was like for serfs

These peasants were bound to the lords estate, had to perform labor services on the lords land , and could not marry or more without permissions and payment of a tax. The peasants were attached to the landlord, not the land, and thus existed in a condition approaching slavery

In 1714 a new dynasty became the new kings of England. Queen Anne died without an heir - so the throne was offered to the German Hanoverians. What about their leadership was odd?

They did not speak English nor had much familiarity with the British System

Why did the Indians in North America ally with the French instead of the British?

They found the French traders less threatening that the British settlers

According to enlightened philosophes, what made a ruler enlightened?

They must allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, and the right to hold private property. They must foster the arts, sciences, and education. Their rule must not be arbitrary; they must obey laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects

Why did Britain not have a permanent standing army?

They relied on mercenaries, evident in its use of German troops in America. They regarded navies as more important than armies.

In 1756, Austria achieved what has been labeled a diplomatic revolution. EXPLAIN

They separated Prussia from its chief ally, France

What was their reasoning? [besides wanting more land...]

To maintain the balance of power in central and eastern Europe. It would be easy to attack because Poland didn't have an absolutist state.

The importation of what new raw material from India helped to transform the textile industry

cotton