Chapter 19 + 20

a) What decreases CO?

Negative chronotropic agents (K), negative inotropic agents, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

What force drives filtration?

bulk flow driven by hydrostatic pressure of the blood. Water and small molecules are forced out as filtrate while larger proteins and blood cells are excluded or retained.

What is filtration?

the process of separating solid particles from a liquid

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure. A)decreases B)increases C)will notaffect

B)increases

(Blood pressure)1. Compare and contrast systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Systolic- highest pressure, STRETCH of vessel, contraction Diastolic- lowest pressure, recoil of vessel, relaxation

a) Which hormone increases blood volume by increasing water reabsorption at the kidney?

ADH

a) Which hormone increases blood volume by increasing sodium and water reabsorption at the kidney?

Aldosterone

i. What body system alters the pace of the heart?

Autonomic nervous system- PSN lowers HR/ SNS increases HR & force of contraction & vasodilation of coronary arteries

i. Why is this structure known as the pacemaker?

Autorhythmicity, cells of SA node can spontaneously depolarize to generate action potential

Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials? A)P-T segment B)S-T segment C)Q-R segment D)P-R interval E)T-P interval

B) S-T segment

The units for perfusion of blood are typically A) grams perminute. B) milliliters perminute per gram. C) millimiters perhour per kilogram. D) liters pergram. E) beats per minute per gram.

B) milliliters perminute per gram.

In an ECG, the P wave is generated when the A)ventricles depolarize. B)atria depolarize. C)atria repolarize. D)ventricles repolarize. E)Purkinje fibers initiate an impulse.

B)atria depolarize.

Occlusion ofblood vessels tends to lead to A) increases inperfusion. B) increases incapillary exchange. C) inadequate bloodsupply and damage to body tissues. D) defibrillation ofcardic muscle cell contraction.

C) inadequate bloodsupply and damage to body tissues.

i. Does this force change as blood flow approaches the venule end of the capillary bed?

Down the pressure gradient

A. What is an ECG or EKG?

Electrocardiogram- measures electrical activity in the heart

What two factors influence cardiac output (CO)?

HR & SV

(Blood Pressure) 1. What is arterial blood pressure?

Measure of blood pressure in the arteries

a) What increases CO?

Positive chronotropic agents (Ca), hormones, drugs Positive inotropic agents

1. (Describe the events of the conduction system.) a) Which structure initiates the action potential?

SA node

A. (Conduction System (an electrical system)) 1. Identify the structures making up the conduction system of the heart related to:

SA node- R atrium (pacemaker generates action potential)--->AV node R atrium (delays action potential)--->AV bundle ventricular septum--->Purkinje fibers cardiac muscle cells of ventricles

i. Which end of the capillary bed does reabsorption occur?

VENOUS END

(Endocrine System regulation of Blood Pressure) a) Which of the following hormones increase blood pressure? Explain how.

i. Angiotensin II- vasoconstriction increase BP, blood volume ii. Aldosterone- kidneys increase blood volume (increase BP) Na reabsorption iii. Antidiuretic hormone-kidney water reabsorption iv. Atrial natriuretic peptide- DECREASE BP

What would you expect a cardiologist to recommend if there was substantial occlusion to a patient's left coronary artery but not the right coronary artery? A)Because there are multiple alternate paths for blood delivery, the cardiologist would not intervene. B)Because this is a relatively small, unimportant artery, the cardiologist would not intervene .C)Because this is an important artery, and alternate vascular paths are inadequate, the cardiologist would treat the condition. D)Because occlusions require blood to be moved under greater pressure, the cardiologist would prescribe drugs to raise blood pressure.

.C)Because this is an important artery, and alternate vascular paths are inadequate, the cardiologist would treat the condition.

What is cardiac output?

A measure of how effective the heart is in fulfilling its function as a pump (L/min)

Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rate b: decreases the heart rate c: increases the force of contractions d: decreases the force of contractions e: has no effect on contraction force A) a, c B) b, d C) a, d D) b, e E) a, e

A) a, c

The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to A)lubricate membranes of the pericardium. B)slow the heart rate. C)equalize the pressure in the great vessels. D)eliminate blood pressure spikes. E)All of the choices are correct.

A) lubricate membranes of the pericardium.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to A)the proteins inthe blood, and it promotes reabsorption. B)the high amount ofwater in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries. C)the proteins inthe blood, and it promotes filtration. D)the pressuregenerated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of thecapillary bed. E)the high amount ofwater in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles.

A) the proteins inthe blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

Someone with a heart block would have A)a long P-Rinterval. B)a long T-Pinterval. C)a short P-Rinterval. D)a short T-Pinterval.

A)a long P-Rinterval.

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to A)reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid. B)filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid. C)connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries. D)regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline.

A)reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.

a) Which hormone increases resistance by causing vasoconstriction?

Angiotensin

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? c)Many elastic fibers-

Artery

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? f) Carry blood away from the heart ventricles-

Artery

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? a)Thick muscular wall-

Artery

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result? A)Baroreceptorsincrease firing, the vasomotor center increases firing, and skin blood vesselswill dilate to cause a compensatory increase in flow. B)Baroreceptorsdecrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiacoutput will exhibit a compensatory increase. C)Baroreceptorsincrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heartslows significantly to prevent further bleeding. D)Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor centers increase firing, the heart slows, and blood is redirected.

B)Baroreceptorsdecrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiacoutput will exhibit a compensatory increase.

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? A)Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure. B)Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood. C)Filtration happen sat the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles. D)The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood.

B)Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flowback into the blood.

To initiate a cardiac muscle cell contraction, calcium A)binds to calmodulin. B)binds to troponin. C)binds to actin. D)binds to theZ-disc. E)binds to tropomyosin.

B)binds to troponin.

Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels. A)cm/second; directly B)cm/second; inversely C)liter/min; directly D)liter/min; inversely

B)cm/second; inversely

As with action potentials in other types of cells, the repolarization of cardiac muscle cells involves the A)entrance ofcalcium through voltage-gated channels. B)exit of potassiumthrough voltage-gated channels. C)entrance of sodiumthrough voltage-gated channels. D)binding of ACh to ACh receptor. E)simultaneous closure of sodium channelsand opening of calcium channels.

B)exit of potassium through voltage-gated channels.

i. What force drives reabsorption? Describe this force.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure- plasma proteins drawing substances back in

A portal system A)includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis. B)is a simple circulatory system with an arerio venous anastomosis. C)is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart. D)is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal)vein. E)is one in which multiple arteries converge on one organ or body region.

C) is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

Which is the most common type of capillary? A)Fenestrated B)Sinusoids C)Continuous D)Venules E)Discontinuous

C)Continuous

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart. A)a, c, d, e B)a, b, c, d, e C)a, d, e D)b, c, d, e E)d, e

C)a, d, e

Angiogenesis A)is a momentarychemical control of local blood flow. B)involves muscularconstriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion. C)allows for anincrease in the perfusion of a local tissue .D)involves buildingnew muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region.

C)allows for anincrease in the perfusion of a local tissue

Renin converts A)antiotensin I toantiotensin II. B)angiotensin II toangiotensin I. C)angiotensinogen toangiotensin I. D)antidiuretichormone to angiotensin. E)antidiuretic hormone toangiotensinogen.

C)angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body. A)arteries B)veins C)capillaries D)capillaries andveins E)capillaries andarteries

C)capillaries

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of A)exocytosis andendocytosis by endothelial cells. B)pinocytosis usingfluid-filled vesicles. C)diffusion fromareas of higher concentration to lower concentration. D)active transport(using ATP) by protein carriers of endothelial cells.

C)diffusion fromareas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Cardiac output equals the A)end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume. B)blood pressure multiplied by heart rate. C)heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. D)stroke volume divided by heart rate. E)cardiac reserve minus the stroke volume.

C)heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

A. (Blood Flow to Heart Tissue) 1. Distribution of blood to the heart tissue is called ______ circulation.

CORONARY

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? b) Thin walls-

Capillary

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? g) Site of exchange-

Capillary

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? h)Consist of continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid vessels

Capillary

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A)Pulmonary circuit B)Visceral circuit C)Coronary circuit D)Systemic circuit

D)Systemic circuit

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a A)positive chronotropic agent. B)negative chronotropic agent. C)positive inotropic agent. D)negative inotropic agent.

D)negative inotropicagent.

What is reabsorption?

Movement of substances back into the blood from the tissues

Which end of the capillary bed does filtration occur?

Net filtration occurs near the arterial end of the capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is greater than blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP). There is no net movement of fluid near the midpoint since CHP = BCOP. Net reabsorption occurs near the venous end since BCOP is greater than CHP.

Describe the blood flow through the heart related to the following: b.) Valves

R AV valve tricuspid---->pulmonary semilunar L AV valve bicuspid---->aortic semilunar

1. Describe the blood flow through the heart related to the following: D) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

R side is deoxygenated--->lungs--->oxygenated returns to L side--->systemic

Describe the blood flow through the heart related to the following: E) Pulmonary and Systemic circulation

R side= Pulmonary (goes to lungs) L side= systemic (goes to body)

Describe the blood flow through the heart related to the following: a) Heart chambers

RA--->RV--->lungs--->LA---->LV---->systemic body

(blood pressure) 1. How is the arterial blood pressure expressed?

Ratio= systolic/diastolic maximum stretch/maximum recoil

1. Describe the blood flow through the heart related to the following: c) Great Vessels

SVC+IVC+opening coronary sinus= R Atrium R ventricle--->pulmonary trunk Pulmonary veins--->L atrium L ventricle---->Aorta

What is the primary function(s) of the cardiovascular system?

Serves as a pump to move blood through a system of tubes (vessels), and promote adequate perfusion (delivery of nutrients/removal of wastes)

i. Which direction are substances moving?

Tissue--->BACK into blood

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? g) drain blood into the heart atria-

VEIN

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? d) Large lumen-

Vein

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? e) Blood Reservoir -

Vein

1. Which of the following statements describe an artery, vein or capillary? f) Contain valves-

Vein