Chapter 19
enclosure movement
British law allowed landowners to fence off their lands
In which country did democracy come peacefully?
Great Britain
liberalism
belief that all people have basic rights and freedoms
Social Darwinists
belief that weak individuals would fail in economic and social competition
utilitarians
believed that women should have rights equal to men
corporation
business entity that raises money by selling shares to investors
Britain
country where the Industrial Revolution began
Why did revolutions sweep across Europe in 1848?
desire for democracy
Louis Pasteur
discoveries that let towards steps in preventing disease
Why did Catholic German states unite with Protestant German states?
fear of French military invasion.
Why did cities grow quickly during the Industrial Revolution?
fewer workers were needed on farms
Giuseppe Garibaldi
gained control of Sicily and helped unite Italy
Socialists
group that believed that factories, land, capital, and raw materials should be owned by society and controlled by the government.
Nineteenth Amendment
guaranteed all women in the United States the right to vote.
Maximilien Robespierre
head of the Committee of Public Safety
Manifest Destiny
idea that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
Thomas Edison
inventor of the light bulb
Edmund Cartwright
inventor of the powered loom
Third Estate
middle classes, city workers, and peasants
urbanization
movement of large groups of people from the country to cities
labor unions
organization of workers who unite to improve wages and working conditions
Promise of the Monroe Doctrine
protection for Latin America
National Convention
radical government formed in France that sought far-reaching changes
bourgeoisie
social class in France that included merchants and teachers
telegraph
technology that made it possible for long distance communication
abolitionism
the belief that slavery should be ended
nationalism
the desire of people with a common language and customs for self rule
laissez-faire
the idea that the government should not regulate business or the economy
industrialism
the reliance on the use of machinery rather than on animal or human power
Napoleon Bonaparte
took control of France in a coup d'etat in 1799.
romanticism
valued emotions and imagination as a path to find truth
Napoleon Bonaparte
A French general who crowned himself emperor of France in 1804
First Estate
Catholic clergy and church officials
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens
French document that said that the powers of government came from the people
Girondists
Jacobins who sought to protect the interests of the middle class.
Second Estate
Nobles who lived in luxury
Storming of the Bastille
Took place on July 14, 1789 where citizens in Paris attacked the jail as an act of protest
Britain & Russia
Two countries that were undefeated by Napoleon
suffragettes
women who fought to grant women the right to vote
Simon Bolivar
won freedom for present-day Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador