Chapter 19 & 20 Review Questions
The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________.
Afterload
The resistance to blood flow is greatest in the __.
Arterioles
In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?
Atrioventricular septum
Increased venous return to the heart results in
Both increased SV and increased CO
Nervi vasorum control ________.
Both vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Which of the following is a positive inotrope?
Ca 2+
The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase?
Calcium
The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________.
Cardiogenic tubes
Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________.
Celiac trunk
The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle?
Closing of the atrioventricular valves
Action potentials are the same between cardiac conductive cells and cardiac contractive cells. (T/F)
False. They are different
In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm?
It decreases
What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins?
It increases
The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________.
Left ventricle
The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________.
Liver
The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________.
Most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart.
Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells?
Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity
An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________.
Sinusoid capillary
__ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per contraction.
Systolic volume
Hydrostatic pressure is ________.
The pressure exerted by fluid in the enclosed space
The endothelium is found in the ________.
Tunica intima
Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________.
Ventricular repolarization
The cardiac cycle comprises a complete relaxation and contraction of both atria and ventricles and lasts approximately ___ seconds.
0.8
Given these arteries which of them have direct connections with the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) 1- basilar 2- common carotid 3- interla carotid 4- vertebral
1 3
Given these blood vessels choose the arrangement that lists the vessels in order from the small intestine to the inferior vena cava. 1- inferior mesenteric vein 2- superior mesenteric vein 3- hepatic portal vein 4- hepatic vein
2 3 4
Given these blood vessels choose the arrangement that lists the blood vessels in order a red blood cell passes through them as it leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and returns to the heart. 1- arteriole 2- capillary 3- elastic artery 4- muscular artery 5- vein 6- venule
3 4 1 2 6 5
Given these blood vessels choose the arrangement that lists the arteries in order, from the aorta to the right hand. 1- axillary artery 2- brachial artery 3- brachiocephalic artery 4- radial artery 5- subclavian artery
3 5 1 2 4
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism,________.
Aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
Venoconstriction increases which of the following?
All of the above: blood pressure within the vein, blood flow within the vein, return of blood to the heart
The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________.
All of the above: drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins, drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins, drain into the superior vena cava
An increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) can result from
An increase in peripheral resistance, an increase in heart rate, and an increase in stroke volume
Approximately 80% of ventricular filling occurs during
Arterial systole
Which of the following statements is true?
As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and blood flow also decrease.
The coronary arteries branch off of the ________.
Ascending aorta
Most blood enters the ventricle during ________.
Atrial diastole
Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle?
Bulbus cordis
In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________.
Diastolic pressure
Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________.
Elastic fibers
The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors.
Endocardium
Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood?
Endocardium
Normally in an adult heart, the interatrial septum bears an oval-shaped depression known as the foramen ovale, a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the fossa ovalis.
False. Normally in an adult heart, the interatrial septum bears an oval-shaped depression known as the FOSSA OVALIS, a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the FORAMEN OVALE.
The action potential for the conductive cardiac muscle cells consists of a prepotential phase with a fast influx of sodium ions followed by a slow influx of calcium ions and outflux of potassium ions
False. The action potential for the conductive cardiac muscle cells consists of a prepotential phase with a SLOW influx of sodium ions followed by a slow influx of calcium ions and outflux of potassium ions
The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________.
Heart
A small amount of vasodilation in an arteriole results in a
Huge decrease in resistance
Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________.
Huge decrease in resistance
A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________.
Hypovolemic shock
Which of the following statements is true?
In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption.
Which of these vessels returns blood to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava and the superior vene cave only
A healthy elastic artery ________.
Is compliant
The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected?
Isovolumic contraction
Why is the plateau phase so critical to cardiac muscle function?
It prevents additional impulses from spreading through the heart prematurely, thereby allowing the muscle sufficient time to contract and pump blood effectively.
Blood islands are ________.
Masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?
Medulla oblongata
Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart?
Mesoderm
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Mitral
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?
None of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
Which of the following statements is true?
One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.
__ are factors that positively impact or increase myocardial contractility.
Positive inotropic factors
Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing?
Purkinje fibers
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?
Right atrium
Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________.
Subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________.
The cardiovascular center
Which of the following statements is true?
The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.
Which of the following best describes veins?
Thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves
Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?
Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar
A capillary is a microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissues themselves a process called profusion (T/F)
True
A metarteriole is a type of vessel that has structural characteristics of both an arteriole and a capillary (T/F)
True
The heart is regulated by both neural and endocrine control, yet it is capable of initiating its own action potential followed by muscular contraction (T/F)
True
The large lumens and relatively thin walls of veins make them far more distensible that arteries thus they are said to be capacitance vessels (T/F)
True
The pericardial sac consists of two fused layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner parietal pericardium lined with a serous membrane (T/F)
True
The tunica intima of a blood vessels is also called the tunica intema. (T/F)
True
When the ventricles begin to contract, pressure within the ventricles rises and blood flows toward the area of lowest pressure, which is initially in the atria. This backflow causes the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves to close. (T/F)
True
The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure?
Truncus arteriosus
The structures that supply the walls of larger blood vessels with blood are the __.
Vasa vasorum
In the myogenic response, ________.
Vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
Describe how the valves keep the blood moving in one direction.
When the ventricles contract and pressure begins to rise in the ventricles, there is an initial tendency for blood to flow back (regurgitate) to the atria. However, the papillary muscles also contract, placing tension on the chordae tendineae and holding the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) in place to prevent the valves from prolapsing and being forced back into the atria. The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) lack chordae tendineae and papillary muscles, but do not face the same pressure gradients as do the atrioventricular valves. As the ventricles relax and pressure drops within the ventricles, there is a tendency for the blood to flow backward. However, the valves, consisting of reinforced endothelium and connective tissue, fill with blood and seal off the opening preventing the return of blood.
