Chapter 19 heart&CVS

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serves to both: anchor the heart within the thoracic cavity, and prevent the heart from over filling with blood:

Function of fibrous pericardium

The muscle impulse initiated in the S.A. node, travels to the A.V. node via:

Gap junctions

Superior and inferior vena cava, and aorta

Great vessels

The cardiac center of the medulla oblongata, provide autonomic innervation of the heart, which modulates the:

Heart rate, and force of contraction

Blood that is ______ in oxygen, from the left side of the heart, is pumped into the _______.

High, aorta

Enlargement of the heart, commonly seen in young athletes is caused by this condition:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

The cardiac centers are composed of a sympathetic cardioacceleratory center, which ________ heart rate, and force of contraction.

Increase

Sympathetic innervation has what effect on the heart beat?

Increases

1. S.A. node fires A.P. 2. A.P. reaches a.v. node, via gap junctions. 3. A.P. is delayed at a.v. node. 4. A.P. travels down the bundle branches. 5. A.P. travels up purkinje fibers.

Initiation and conduction of A.P. through the heart

During the this phase of the cardiac cycle, the bicuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and tricuspid valves are all closed.

Isovolumetric

Prevents back flow of blood into left atrium

Left atrioventricular

Responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body.

Left ventricle

The primitive ventricle, forms most of the:

Left ventricle

P-waves, Q.R.S complex, and t-waves are the:

Major wave forms on an EKG.

The heart is located posterior to the sternum, left of the body's midline, between the lungs, within the:

Mediastinum

The cardiac center is within the:

Medulla oblongata

Inferior to epicardium, middle layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle tissue. Thickest of the three heart wall layers:

Myocardium

Middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue

Myocardium

What wave reflects the electrical changes of artrial depolarization?:

P wave

Cells of the S.A. node are the:

Pacemaker of the heart

Ability to reach threshold without stimulation.

Pacemaker potential

Cone ch sped muscular projections of the right ventricle wall are called:

Papillary muscles

What innervation decreases the heart rate?:

Parasympathetic

Composed of simple squamous epithelium, and an underlying delicate layer composed of areolar connective tissue. Adheres to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium:

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

The right, and left atrium have what muscles in common?:

Pectinate muscles

Cavity that contains serous fluid, lies inferior to the parietal layer, and superior to the visceral layer of pericardiums:

Pericardial cavity

Inflammation of the pericardium

Pericarditis

Restricts heart movement, so that it doesn't bounce around the thoracic cavity, and prevents the heart from over filling with blood.

Pericardium

Circulation that moves deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary

Cardiovascular system consists of 2 circulations:

Pulmonary and systemic

Prevents back flow of blood into right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar

Semilunar valve between the right ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk.

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Drain blood into left atrium

Pulmonary veins

Arterial systole, results in arterial contraction. Which causes:

Pushes blood into ventricles; compresses the openings of the great veins.

During what period can cardiac muscles not be restimulated?:

Refractory

The _______ atrium, has openings from: inferior and superior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

Right

Prevents back flow of blood, into the right atrium

Right atrioventricular

Cardiac muscle stimulation: requires that the action potential initiated by the ______ _______, be spread throughout the conduction system.

S.A. NODE

Internal wall surface of each ventricle displays characteristic: large, smooth, and irregular muscular ridges, called:

Trabeculae carneae

Right a.v. valve is also called the

Tricuspid

The main parasympathetic nerves that regulate heart rate:

Vagus nerves

Inferior chambers for pumping blood away from the heart

Ventricles

Composed of simple squamous epithelium, and underlying delicate layer of areolar connective tissue. This serosal layer adheres directly to the heart.

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

The innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem, doesn't initiate a heartbeat; but it can increase, or decrease the rate of the beat. Is this true?

Yes

The greater the ______________, the more difficult it is to eject blood from the heart, and the lower the stroke volume will be.

Afterload

The resistance in the arteries to blood ejection from the ventricles.

Afterload

The largest systemic artery in the body:

Aorta

Prevents back flow of blood into left ventricle

Aortic semilunar

Semilunar valve between the left ventricle and aorta

Aortic semilunar valve

Ventricles pump blood into:

Arterial trunk

Blood flow into the atria from the veins is restricted; ventricles have reached their EDV; S.A. node initiates arterial contraction, are all events that takes place during what phase of the cardiac cycle?:

Atrial contraction and ventricular filling phase

Oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium, through the left _________ __________, when the valve is open, into the left ventricle.

Atrioventricular opening

Superior chambers for receiving blood

Atriums

The anterior part of Rachel atrium has has a wrinkled, flap like extension, that resemble ears, called:

Auricles

What nervous system influences the heart rate?:

Autonomic

Right side of heart, to the lungs; to the left side of the heart, to systemic cells of the body; back to the right side. Is what basic pattern?:

Basic pattern of blood flow

Left a.v. valve is also called the

Bicuspid or mitral valve

During the final stage of the cardiac cycle: as the atria relax, and blood returns to fill the ventricle, what 2 valves open?

Bicuspid, and tricuspid

Attached to the inferior diaphram, composed of tough, sense irregular connective tissue that encloses the heart, but does not attach directly to it.

Fibrous pericardium

N.a. + leak channels, fast voltage gated c.a. 2 + channels, slow voltage gated n.a. + channels, and n.a. + /k + a.t.pase are all associated with:

Cardiac node cells

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle:

Cardiac output

An individual with a weak heart may have limitations exerting themselves, because they have little:

Cardiac reserve

Inotropic agents increase stroke volume by increasing :

Contractility, and C.a. 2 + levels

Delivers oxygen rich blood to the thick heart wall.

Coronary arteries

Supplies oxygenated blood to the muscles and other tissues of the heart, and drains deoxygenated blood from these tissues. Flows easily when heart is relaxed, inhibited when heart contracts.

Coronary circulation

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart wall.

Coronary veins

Parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center _______ heart rate.

Decreases

The amount of blood left in the ventricles, at the end of the ventricular contraction.

End systolic volume

Composed of a simple squamous epithelium, called endothelium, and a layer of areolar connective tissue.

Endocardium

Internal surface of the heart, and covers the external surfaces of the heart valves is

Endocardium

The internal surface of the heart, and the external surfaces of the heart valves are covered by:

Endocardium

The outermost heart layer, also called the visceral layer of serous pericardium

Epicardium

Factors that increase venous return:

Exercise, and decrease heart rate

Other set of valves that mark the boundary between a ventricle and it's associated arterial trunk:

Semilunar valves

What determines cardiac output?

Stoke volume, and heart rate

Drains blood into the right atrium

Superior and inferior vena cava

The large veins deliver blood to the heart into an atrium:

Superior and inferior vena cava

Blood vessels visible in the posterior view of the heart :

Superior and inferior vena cavae, and pulmonary veins

Circulation that moves oxygenated blood

Systemic

In comparison: the left ventricle requires thicker walls, than the right, to generate enough pressure to force the blood into the aorta, and then through the entire:

Systemic circulation


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