Chapter 19 Skeletal System

3. Which term refers to the hard outer shell of a bone? a. Compact b. Trabecular c. Cancellous d. Osteoporotic

A Compact bone constitutes approximately 80% of the total adult bone mass and forms the hard outer shell of bone

4. What is the central passageway of an osteon that contains the bone's blood supply and nerves called? a. Haversian canal b. Diaphysis c. Trebecula d. Volkmann's canal

A Each osteon surrounds a central canal that runs lengthwise through the bone. The central canal, also called Haversian canal, contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

47. Which pathology is characterized by inflammation of the joint capsule and progressive joint damage, leading to loss of articular cartilage? a. Cellulitis b. Baker cyst c. Osteoarthritis d. Osteoporosis

C The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by inflammation of the joint capsule and progressive joint damage, leading to eventual loss of articular cartilage.

20. Which bone is located in the appendicular skeleton? a. Skull b. Sacrum c. Scapula d. Sternum

C The scapula is located in the appendicular skeleton.

19. Which bone is located in the axial skeleton? a. Femur b. Radius c. Sternum d. Metatarsal

C The sternum is located in the axial skeleton.

18. How many bones are in the skull? a. 10 b. 14 c. 29 d. 33

C Twenty-nine bones are located in the skull.

Which type of joint provides movement in one axis? a. Biaxial b. Triaxial c. Uniaxial d. Nonaxial

C Uniaxial joints move around only one axis and in only one plane. Types of uniaxial joints are hinge and pivot.

Which type of fluid is found in cavities of freely movable joints? a. Mucus b. Serous c. Lymph d. Synovial

D Synovial fluid fills the joint cavity, decreases friction as the bones in the joint move, lubricates the joint cavity, and provides nourishment and shock absorption.

17. The skeletal system is divided into which two regions? a. Acute and chronic b. Central and peripheral c. Systemic and regional d. Axial and appendicular

D The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

45. Which condition is an exaggeration of the normal posterior curvature in the thoracic spine? a. Osteoporosis b. Lordosis c. Scoliosis d. Kyphosis

45. ANS: D Kyphosis is an exaggeration of the normal posterior or kyphotic curvature in the thoracic spine. Some curvature is normal (20 to 40 degrees), but kyphosis refers to an excessive rounding of more than 45 to 50 degrees.

34. Which movement is bending of a joint so that the angle of the joint decreases? a. Flexion b. Extension c. Abduction d. Adduction

A Flexion is bending a joint so that the angle between the bones decreases.

44. Which of the following pathologies results from deposition of uric acid crystals in joints? a. Gout b. Baker cyst c. Osteoporosis d. Ganglion cyst

A Gout is a type of arthritis resulting from the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. Uric acid is a waste product that is normally excreted by the kidneys.

Where does bone grow in length? a. Epiphyseal plate b. Medullary cavity c. Periosteum d. Diaphysis

A In growing bone, an epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage is found between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Bone grows in length at the epiphyseal plate.

29. Which type of joint has movements limited to rotation? a. Pivot b. Hinge c. Saddle d. Ball and socket

A Pivot joints possess a ringed or notched surface of one bone that fits into a projection of another bone. Movement in pivot joints are limited to rotation around the length of a bone

37. Which movement occurs when a bone pivots around its own central axis? a. Rotation b. Pronation c. Supination d. Dorsiflexion

A Rotation occurs when a bone pivots or rotates around its own central axis

26. Which structures are flattened and saclike, and located between ligaments or tendons and bones? a. Bursae b. Synovia c. Periosteum d. Metaphysis

A Some synovial joints contain bursae, flattened saclike structures between ligaments or tendons and bones that act as cushions to reduce friction

41. Which pathology is an accumulation of synovial fluid behind the knee? a. Gout b. Baker cyst c. Osteoporosis d. Adhesive capsulitis

B A Baker cyst is an accumulation of synovial fluid behind the knee. Classified as a type of ganglion, a Baker cyst can be an accumulation of synovial fluid within the normal bursae or a separate cystic structure.

2. Which term means blood cell production? a. Hyperemia b. Hematopoiesis c. Remodeling d. Ossification

B Blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones, especially long bones, through a process called hematopoiesis.

23. Which type of joint is freely movable? a. Fibrous b. Diarthrotic c. Synarthrotic d. Cartilaginous

B Diarthrotic joints, or diarthroses, are freely movable joints. Diarthrotic joints are common in the appendicular skeleton and include joints in the shoulders (glenohumeral joints) and hips (acetabulofemoral joints).

28. Which type of joint has movements limited to flexion and extension? a. Pivot b. Hinge c. Saddle d. Ball and socket

B Hinge joints possess a convex surface on one bone that fits into a concave surface of another bone. The movement in hinge joints are similar to the movement of two board joined together by a hinge which allows the angle of the joint to decrease, causing flexion, or increase, causing extension.

46. Which condition is an exaggeration of the normal anterior curvature in the lumbar spine? a. Osteoporosis b. Lordosis c. Scoliosis d. Kyphosis

B Lordosis is an exaggeration of the normal anterior or lordotic curvature in the lumbar spine. Some curvature is normal, but lordosis refers to an excessive curvature. Lordosis is also called hyperlordosis, swayback, or saddleback.

8. Which term means the process of bone development? a. Oscillation b. Ossification c. Mobilization d. Colonization

B Ossification, or osteogenesis, is the process of bone tissue development by osteoblasts

6. Which cells destroy bone? a. Fibroblasts b. Osteoclasts c. Osteoblasts d. Chondroclasts

B Osteoclasts are bone-destroying cells

5. Which term refers to the lighter and less dense area of a bone? a. Compact b. Spongy c. Irregular d. Sesamoid

B Spongy bone, or cancellous bone, constitutes approximately 20% of the total bone mass, and is lighter and less dense than compact bone.

14. Which term means the two ends of a long bone? a. Bursae b. Epiphyses c. Diaphyses d. Periosteum

B The two ends of a long bone are the epiphyses (epiphysis, sing).

43. Which condition is a pouchlike structure filled with synovial fluid that arises from joint capsules or tendon sheaths? a. Gout b. Baker cyst c. Ganglion cyst d. Bursiti

C A ganglion cyst is a pouchlike structure filled with synovial fluid. These cysts are common and arise from joint capsules or tendon sheaths, usually on the wrist (90% of cases).

1. Where in bone are blood cells produced? a. Haversian canal b. Hyaline cartilage c. Red bone marrow d. Yellow bone marrow

C Blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones, especially long bones, through a process called hematopoiesis.

31. Which type of joint contains an oval-shaped surface of one bone that fits into a depression or socket of another bone, allowing the bone to travel back and forth and from side to side? a. Pivot b. Hinge c. Ellipsoidal d. Ball and socket

C Condyloid joints possess an oval-shaped surface or condyle of one bone that fits into a depression or socket of another bone. This position allows one bone to travel back-and-forth (flexion and extension) and side-to-side (abduction and adduction).

9. The bones in the spine are in which category? a. Flat b. Short c. Irregular d. Sesamoid

C Irregular bones are oddly-shaped and do not fit well in other shape/size categories. Irregular bones are found in the skull and the spine (vertebrae)

21. Which term means the place where bones come together or join? a. Diaphysis b. Periosteum c. Articulation d. Hematopoiesis

C Joints are where two or more bones come together or "join." Other terms for joint is articulation or arthrosis (arthro- means joint).

22. Which type of joint has extremely limited movement capabilities? a. Synovial b. Diarthrotic c. Synarthrotic d. Ball and socket

C Movement in synarthrotic joints, or synarthroses, is not permitted or extremely limited under normal conditions.

7. Which cells form bone? a. Fibroblasts b. Osteoclasts c. Osteoblasts d. Chondroclasts

C Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells

40. Which movement is in an anterior direction? a. Rotation b. Retraction c. Protraction d. Circumduction

C Protraction is movement in an anterior or forward direction.

30. Which type of joints, found in the thumb, possess a concave surface facing one direction and a convex surface facing the other direction? a. Pivot b. Hinge c. Saddle d. Ball and socket

C Saddle joints possess a concave surface of one bone that fits into a convex surface of another bone.

50. Which condition is a lateral curvature in the normally straight vertical line of the spine, usually in the thoracic region? a. Osteoporosis b. Lordosis c. Scoliosis d. Kyphosis

C Scoliosis is a lateral curvature in the normally straight vertical line of the spine, usually in the thoracic region. The lumbar and cervical regions may also be involved.

38. Which movement is lateral rotation in which the bones of the forearm are parallel and the palm faces anteriorly? a. Inversion b. Pronation c. Supination d. Dorsiflexion

C Supination is lateral rotation in which the bones of the forearm are in a parallel position and the palms face anteriorly

11. Which term means the long cylindrical shaft of a bone? a. Meniscus b. Epiphysis c. Diaphysis d. Periosteum

C The diaphysis is the long cylindrical shaft of a bone.

13. Which term means the hollow space within the center of the diaphysis? a. Meniscus b. Metaphysis c. Medullary cavity d. Epiphyseal cavity

C The medullary cavity is the hollow space within the diaphysis. It is filled with red and yellow bone marrow, which are soft substances

35. Which movement is toward the midline of the body? a. Flexion b. Extension c. Abduction d. Adduction

D Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body.

15. What covers the articulating surfaces of bone? a. Bursae b. Periosteum c. Bone marrow d. Hyaline cartilage

D Articular cartilage covers the surfaces of the epiphyses. This type of cartilage is hyaline and provides the smooth surfaces for movement within joints. Periosteum does not extend over articular cartilage.

33. Which type of joint has is the most movable? a. Pivot b. Hinge c. Ellipsoidal d. Ball and socket

D Ball and socket joints consist of the ball-shaped end of one bone fitting into a socket-shaped surface of another bone. This position allows the first bone to move in many directions around a central joint. Ball and socket joints are our most movable synovial joints

36. Which movement is conical in which one end of the body is fixed and the other end moves in a circle? a. Rotation b. Retraction c. Protraction d. Circumduction

D Circumduction is circular or conical movement in which one end of the body is relatively fixed and the other end moves in a circle.

39. Which movement occurs when the ankle causes the foot to move superiorly in the direction of the top of the foot? a. Inversion b. Pronation c. Supination d. Dorsiflexion

D Dorsiflexion is movement of the ankle as the foot moves superiorly in the direction of the dorsum of the foot—the toes are moving toward the shin or leg bones.

24. Which structure unites articulating bones? a. Labrum b. Bursa c. Tendon d. Ligament

D Ligaments unite articulating bones, which strengthens the joint.

32. Which type of joint provides movement in all three cardinal planes? a. Biplanar b. Uniplanar c. Nonplanar d. Multiplanar

D Multiaxial joints permit movement around three axes and in three planes. Types of multiaxial joints are ball and socket and gliding

48. Which pathology is loss of normal bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures? a. Bursitis b. Gout c. Osteoarthritis d. Osteoporosis

D Osteoporosis is loss of normal bone density and is the most common bone disease. Both compact bone and spongy bone are affected; spongy bone becomes thin and sparse, whereas compact bone becomes porous. As bones lose density, they become brittle and weak, resulting in increased susceptibility to fractures.

49. Which pathology is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic disease that destroys synovial membranes? a. Gout b. Baker cyst c. Osteoporosis d. Rheumatoid arthritis

D Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, and systemic type of arthritis in which synovial membranes are destroyed. Over time, inflammation spreads to articular cartilages, joint capsules, surrounding ligaments, and the underlying bone.

10. Which bones are small, rounded, and embedded in tendons? a. Flat b. Short c. Irregular d. Sesamoid

D Sesamoid bones are round and usually embedded in tendons. Sesamoid bones are found in the knee (patella), hands, and feet

12. What term means the dense, fibrous sheath that surrounds the diaphysis? a. Meniscus b. Epiphysis c. Diaphysis d. Periosteum

D The periosteum surrounds the diaphysis and is a dense, fibrous sheath that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteoblasts for growth and fracture healing

42. Which pathology is inflammation of a cushioning sac? a. Bursitis b. Baker cyst c. Osteoarthritis d. Osteoporosis

: A Inflammation of a bursa is called bursitis