Chapter 19
The structure indicated in the figure is the aortic valve.
...
During which phase fo the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation?
Ventricular diastole
The double layered sac that surrounds the heart is called the:
pericardium
List in order the three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial.
1) Endocardium 2) myocardium 3) epicardium
List in correct order the major phases of the cardiac cycle following ventricular filling
1) Isovolumetric contraction, 2) ventricular ejection, 3) isovolumetic relaxation
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?
1) Provides structural support for the heart 2) Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles 3) Anchors the cardiocytes and give them something to pull against.
Place the following chambers in the correct order to best represent the flow of blood through the heart once blood has returned to the heart from the SVC and IVC.
1) Right atrium 2) right ventricle 3) left atrium 4) left ventricle
Blood flow through the heart once blood has returned to the heart from the SVC and IVC.
1) right atrium 2) right ventricle 3) left atrium 4) left ventricle
Indicate chemicals that can cause an increase in HR.
1) thyroid hormone 2) nicotine 3) caffeine
List in order the events of an action potential of a ventricular cardiocyte.
1. Voltage-gated Na channels open 2. Influx of Na causes more Na channels to open; depolarization 3. Na channels close as membrane potential peaks at +30 mV 4. Ca enters through slow calcium channels; creates plateau 5. Ca channels close, K channels open; repolarization
What force impedes the opening of the semilunar valves and opposes ventricular ejection?
Afterload
____ are short, thick, branched muscle cells of the heart.
Cardiocytes
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ____ branch of the left coronary artery.
Circumflex
The groove that encircles the heart near its base separating the atria from the ventricles is the ______ sulcus.
Coronary
The ___ is a composite recording of all nodal and myocardial action potentials
ECG
Components of the cardiovascular system:
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
The finger-like muscle indicated in the figure is a ____ muscle.
Papillary
Which of the following accounts for the movement of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle
Pressure changes within the chambers
In a healthy person at rest, the _____ node normally fires about 75 times per minute, setting the heart rate.
SA
The _____ wave of an ECG is a recording of the repolarization of the ventricular myocardium.
T
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels.
True
Cardiac muscle relies on _____ metabolism to produce ATP.
aerobic
When two arteries or veins join, this is referred to as a (an)
anastomosis
The ________ brance of the left coronary artery travels down the front of the heart to the apex of the heart.
anterior interventricular
As the heart sits in the thoracic cavity, the tip is called the _____.
apex
The blunt inferior point or tip of the heart is known as the _____.
apex
As the heart sits in the thoracic cavity the tip is called the ____.
apex (it is located at the tip of the heart where the ventricles end.)
The left _____ valve, also known as the bicuspid or mitral valve.
atrioventricular
The broad superior part of the heart is the ____ of the heart
base
The depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) is due to the inflow of ______ and ____ ions.
calcium, sodium
The ____ center of the medulla oblongata initiates autonomic output to the heart.
cardiac
The volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute is the:
cardiac output
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is known as the:
cardiac reserve
The study of the heart and its disorders is known as ____.
cardiology
The right ____ artery runs along the right sulcus and supplies blood to the right atrium and SA node.
coronary
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the:
coronary sinus
The QRS wave of an ECG is a recording of the _____ of the ventricular myocardium
depolarization
The term ___ refers to relaxation of the heart.
diastole
The term ____ refers to relaxation of the heart.
diastole
Similar to increasin the volume of air in a deflated tire, the pressure and volume of blood being added to a chamber are:
directly proportional (pressure and the volume of blood within a chamber are directly proportional. That is, the larger the volume of blood in a chamber, the higher the pressur within that chamber.)
The ____ is the layer that lines the inner chambers of the heart.
endocardium
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle is ____ the amount of blood pumped by the right ventricle.
equal to
A difference in pressure creates a pressure ______ that directs the flow of fluids.
gradient
When the volume of blood in a heart chamber is increased, the pressure within the chamber is ______.
increased
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus n the back of the heart is the posterior ______ sulcus.
interventricular
The _____ side of the hear supplies blood to the systemic circuit.
left
Systemic circulation pumps blood from the _____ side of the heart, to the ______ and then back to the _____ side of the heart.
left, body tissues; right
Systemic circulation pumps blood from the ____ side of the heart to the _____ and then back to _____ side of the heart
left; body tissues; right
When the AV node acts as pacemaker, the slower heart beat is called a(n) _____ rhythm.
nodal
Cardioinhibitory effects of the cardiac center are transmitted to the heart via ____ nerve fibers.
parasympathetic
The outer wall of the pericardium consisting of a fibrous layer lined by a serous layer is the:
pericardial sac
The blood vessel within the posterior interventricular sulcus on the back of the heart that collects venous drainage from the posterior portion of the heart is the ____ ___ vein.
posterior interventricular
The ____ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the left atrium of the heart.
pulmonary
The _____ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns to the heart.
pulmonary
The _______ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the the heart.
pulmonary
The ____ side of the heart supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit.
right
The _____ side of the heart supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit.
right
When a normal heart rate is established by the appropriate firing of a SA node, this is known as a _______ (cardiac) rhythm.
sinus
The pacemaker potential occurring in cells of the SA node is due to the influx of ____ ions.
sodium
Cardiostimulatroy effects of the cardiac center are transmitted to the heart via fibers of the _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic
Stimulation of the SA node by the ___ nervous system raises the heart rate.
sympathetic
The circuit of the cardiovascular system that carries blood to the body (excluding the interior of the lungs) then returns it to the right side of the heart is the _____ circulation.
systemic
The circuit of the cardiovascular system that carries blood to the body (excluding the interior of the lungs) then returns to the right side of the heart is the _____ circulation.
systemic
The term ____ refers to contraction of the heart.
systole
The term ____ refers to contraction of the heart
systole (atrial)
The closing of the atrioventricular valves produces which of the heart sounds?
the first sound
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the superior ______.
vena cava.
The ___ are the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and to the body.
ventricles
During ventricular contraction, the ejection of blood out of the heart occurs because the pressure within the ____ exceeds the pressure within the ____.
ventricles; great arteries