chapter 19: the digestive system

why does food have to be digested before cells can use it?

Food must be broken down by digestion into particles small enough to pass through the plasma membrane and enter cells

what is the common term for cholelithiasis?

Gallstones is the common term for cholelithiasis.

Periodontitis

Inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth

what type of food is digested in the stomach?

Proteins are digested in the stomach.

Vincent disease

Severe gingivitis with necrosis associated with the bacterium Treponema vincentii; necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; trench mouth

What is the role of the gallbladder?

The gallbladder stores bile and contracts to release it into the duodenum.

what are the two forms of constipation?

The two forms of constipation are flaccid and spastic.

ulcerative colitis

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

what are the four layers of the digestive tract wall

a mucus membrane ( mucosa), a submucosa, smooth muscle (muscularis externa), and a serous membrane (serosa)

what are the functions of the large intestine?

absorption of waste & salts; storage of waste; secretion of mucus; absorption of vitamin K

a substance that emulsifies fat

bile

a waste product produced from the destruction of red blood cells

bilirubin

what are six common diseases of the mouth and teeth?

caries, gingavitis, periodontitis, vincent disease, oral thrush, and parototitis

the most proximal part of the large intestine

cecum

a duodenal hormone that stimulates bile release and inhibits hunger

cholecystokinin

Cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Crohn disease (Crohn's)

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon)

three layers of muscle of the stomach

circular longitudinal (muscles going the long way) oblique (on a slant or an angle)

the duct that connects to the pancreatic duct

common bile duct

the duct that carries bile from both lobes of the liver to the common bile duct

common hepatic duct

Which two diseases fall into the category of inflammatory bowel disease?

crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

the duct connecting the hepatic duct to the gallbladder

cystic duct

term that describes the baby teeth, based on the fact that they are lost

deciduous

the act of swollowing

deglutition

a calcified substance making up most of the tooth structure

dentin

the three functions of the digestive system in the blanks below in the order

digestion, absorption, elimination

what are the three divisions of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

the calcified substance coating the tooth

enamel

the accessory organ that stores bile

gallbladder

a duodenal hormone that stimulate insulin release and inhibits hunger

gastric inhibitory peptide

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

What does GERD stand for?

gastroesophageal reflux disease

a gastric hormone that stimulates hunger

ghrelin

the medical term for the gum

gingiva

the form in which glucose is stored in the liver

glycogen

the subdivision of the peritoneum that contains fat and hangs over the front of the intestines

greater omentum

hiatal hernia

hernia resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm

what is the difference between hunger and appetite?

hunger is the desire for food that can satisfied by the ingestion of a filling meal; Appetite is a desire for food that is unrelated to a need for food

what process means " splitting be means of water," as in digestion?

hydrolysis

the sphincter that prevents food moving from the large intestine into the small intestine

ileocecal wave

the eight cutting teeth located in the front part of the oral cavity

incisors

Diverticulitis

inflammation of a diverticulum

gastritis

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

What is hepatitis?

inflammation of the liver

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs within it)

a pancreatic hormone that inhibits hunger

insulin

a blind ended lymphatic vessel that absorbs fat

lacteal

a hormone released from fat cells that inhibits appetite and increases activity

leptin

the subdivision of the peritoneum extending between the stomach and liver

lesser omentum

an organ that stores nutrients and releases them as needed into the bloodstream

liver

what is the two types of muscular contractions important in the digestive process?

lower esophageal sphincter; pyloric sphincter

celiac disease

malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten

an enzyme that acts on a particular type of disaccharide

maltase

the process of chewing

mastication

the fan-shaped portion of the peritoneum that contains the vessels and nerves supplying the intestine

mesentery

the subdivision of the peritoneum that extends from the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

mesocolon

how does the small intestine function in the digestive process

most digestion take place in the small intestine under the effects of digestive juices from the small intestine and the accessory organs. most absorption of digested food and water also occurs in the small intestine.

the digestive tract layer in contact with the intestinal contents

mucosa

the layer of the digestive tract wall that is responsible for peristalsis

muscularis externa

pyloric stenosis

narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

what are the two types of control over the digestive process?

nervous control and hormonal control

a substance that digests DNA

nuclease

the gland that secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

pancreas

the outer layer of the serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

parietal peritoneum

the salivary glands that are inferior and anterior to the ear

parotid glands

what are the names and locations of the salivary glands?

parotid, anterior and inferior to the ear, submandibilar (submaxilary), near the body of the lower jaw; and sublingial under the tongue.

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain

a fibrous connective tissue joining the tooth to the tooth socket

periodontal ligament

a wave of muscular contraction that propels food rapidly down the digestive tract

peristalsis

Which form of motility occurs in the esophagus? In the small intestine?

peristalsis- esophagus; segmentation- small intestine

the part of the large intestine just proximal to the anus

rectum

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer that mixes food with digestive juices

segmentation

the visceral peritoneum attached to the surface of a digestive organ

serosa

obstipation

severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

the type of epithelial tissue lining the stomach and intestine

simple columar epithelium

A substance (NOT an enzyme) released into the small intestine

sodium bicarbonate

the part of the oral cavity roof that extends to form the uvula

soft palate

the type of epithelial tissue lining the esophagus

squamous epithelium

Glands found just under the tongue that secrete into the oral cavity

sublingual glands

the layer of connective tissue beneath the mucous membrane in the wall of the digestive tract

submucosa

Bands of longitudinal muscle in the large intestine

teniae coli

-emesis

the act of vomiting

name the four nutrients digested by enzymes in the intestinal cell plasma membranes

the disaccharides maltose; sucrose, and lactose, and also small peptides are the nutrients digested by enzymes in the intestinal cell membranes.

which accessory organ secretes bile, and what is the function of bile in digestion?

the liver secreates bile; which emulsifies fats, that is breaks down into small particles. bile also prevents formation of fat droplets, thus aiding in digestion.

which organ produces the enzymes found in the intestinal lumen?

the pancreas

what accessory organ secretes sodium bicarbonate, and what is the function of this substance in digestion?

the pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach.

what is the name of the large serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs it contains?

the peritoneum

which nutrients enter the intestinal capillaries and which enters the lacteals?

the products of nucleic acid digestion, monosacchrides, amino acids, and small peptides are absorbed into the intestinal capillaries. Fatty acids, monoglycerids, and fatsoluble, vitamins are absorbed into the lacteals.

ileum

third portion of the small intestine

the portion of the large intestine that extends across the abdomen

transverse colon

a pancreatic enzyme that splits proteins into amino acids

trypsin

volvulus

twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction

a waste product synthesized by the liveras a result of protein metabolism

urea

the small blind tube attached to the first part of the large intestine

vermiform

finger like extensions of the mucosa in the small intestine

villi

the innermost layer of the serous membrane in contact with abdominal organs

visceral peritoneum

jaundice

yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood