Chapter 19---The menstrual cycle

What day is the menstrual cycle correlate with Menses at which time the endometrium is shed?

1 through 5

Around what day is LH produced by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates ovulation at which time the graafian follicle which is grown ruptures and expels a small amount of fluid and the ovum into the peritoneal?

14

Ovulation typically occurs around what day?

14

Fertilization typically occurs on what day?

15

In the early proliferative phase what is endometrial thickness?

4 through 8 mm

In Periovulatory phase what is endometrial thickness?

6 through 10 mm

In secretory phase what is the endometrial thickness?

7 through 14 mm

A change in menstrual bleeding patterns due to either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus

Abnormal uterine bleeding

In the early proliferative phase the endometrium appears how?

Academic and then typically measuring 4 mm on day 4 and 8 mm on day 8 of the cycle

The benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus

Adenomyosis

Absence of menstrual period

Amenorrhea

The anterior segment of the pituitary gland which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle

Anterior pituitary gland

Degeneration of a follicle

Atresia or ovarian follicle

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is considered to begin on what day and last until what day?

Begins on day one and lasts until day 14 thus in effect with ovulation

The stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium

Blastocyst

Primary amenorrhea may be caused by what?

Congenital abnormalities or congenital obstruction such as imperforate hymen

The remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration

Corpus albicans

The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle after ovulation

Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum that is maintained during early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and progesterone

Corpus luteum of pregnancy

Monthly symptoms of menstruation without bleeding

Cryptomenorrhea

The structure that contains the developing oocyte

Cumulus oophorus

The basal layer is slightly altered during the menstrual cycle and consist of what?

Dense cellular stroma

A change in menstrual bleeding patterns related to endocrine abnormalities where hormonal imbalances result in endometrial changes in subsequent abnormal bleeding

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Painful and difficult menstruation

Dysmenorrhea

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is usually related to what?

Endocrine abnormalities in which hormonal imbalances result in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding... fibroid tumors, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, endometrial carcinoma

Abnormal uterine bleeding is usually caused by what?

Endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus

Secondary amenorrhea may be associated with what?

Endocrinologic abnormalities or pregnancy, secondary amenorrhea that is not associated with pregnancy is characteristically diagnosed and the postmenarcheal woman who has had at least 12 months without a menstrual cycle

The degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age most often seen in postmenopausal women

Endometrial atrophy

Cancer of the endometrium

Endometrial carcinoma

An increase in the number of endometrial cells

Endometrial hyperplasia

Small nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue

Endometrial polyps

With menarche what may be influenced?

Environment and diet

The hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase then initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium

Estrogen

The ovary produces what two hormones during the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen and progesterone

During the follicular phase the anterior pituitary gland secretes what which initiates the follicular development of the ovary many follicles are produced by the ovary?

FSH

The finger-like extensions of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum

Fimbria

The first day of the menstrual cycle is said to occur on what?

First day of bleeding

Small round group of cells

Follicle

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries

Follicle-stimulating hormone

The first phase of ovarian cycle

Follicular phase

The ovarian cycle consists of what two phases?

Follicular phase and luteal phase

The hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

The name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulation

Graafian follicle

The hormone produced by the trophoblast cells of the early placenta may also be used as a tumor marker and non gravid patients and males

Human chorionic gonadotropin

The area within the brain that is located just beneath the hypothalamus that controls and releases the hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus a vaginal anomaly in which the hymen has no opening resulting in an obstruction of the vagina

Imperforate hymen

The second phase of the ovarian cycle days 15 to 28 is termed what phase?

Luteal

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle resulting in ovulation

Luteinizing hormone

The pituitary gland AKA? Located where? Responsible for?

Master gland, endocrine gland located within the brain that consists of an anterior and posterior lobe, anterior lobe responsible for the release of two hormones follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, FSH causes the development of multiple follicles in the ovaries, LH surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle which results in ovulation

The first menstrual cycle

Menarche

Abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation

Menorrhagia

Menstrual bleeding

Menses

Irregular menstrual bleeding between periods

Metrorrhagia

Pain at the time of ovulation

Middleschmertz

Following ovulation the ovary Begins the what phase while the endometrium enters the what phase?

Ovary Begins the luteal phase while the endometrium enters the secretory phase

On Days 1 through 14 what phases are the ovary in endometrium in?

Ovary is in follicular and endometrium is in proliferative

Days 15 through 28 what phase is over in endometrium in?

Ovary is in luteal and endometrium is in secretory

Following Menses the ovary is in what phase while the endometrium is in what phase?

Ovary is in the follicular phase while the endometrium is in the proliferative phase

The release of the mature egg from the ovary

Ovulation

Another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle which occurs around the time of ovulation

Periovulatory phase

Endometrial atrophy is a common occurrence in What patients?

Postmenopausal who presented with vaginal bleeding

Failure to experiencing menarche before age 16

Primary amenorrhea

A hormone that prepares the uterus for the pregnancy, maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands primarily produced by the ovaries and placenta

Progesterone

What maintains the thickness of the endometrium in preparation for implantation?

Progesterone

The multiplication of similar forms

Proliferation

What phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after menstruation and lasts until ovulation?

Proliferative

The endometrial cycle consists of what two phases?

Proliferative and secretory

The first phase of the endometrial cycle

Proliferative phase

What is the responsibility of the hypothalamus?

Regulate and release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland the hypothalamus achieves this function by releasing its own hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone which in turn stimulates the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

Characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarcheal woman who has had at least 12 months without a menstrual cycle

Secondary amenorrhea

What phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after ovulation and is stimulated by progesterone?

Secretory

The second phase of the endometrial cycle

Secretory phase

These 1 through 5 of the menstrual cycle correlate with Menses at which this time the endometrium is what?

Shed

Coiled arteries that Supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium

Spiral arteries

During the late proliferative phase or Periovulatory phase endometrial layer displays what?

Stark contrast and can measure between 6 and 10 mm the outer academic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer while the functional layer is separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe AKA three lines sign

Cells of the follicle that produce estrogen

Theca internal cells

Estrogen is produced throughout the menstrual cycle it is initially produced by what?

Theca internal cells of the secondary follicles during the first part of the menstrual cycle, during this phase estrogen initiates the proliferation and thickness of the endometrium by encouraging the growth and expansion of spiral arteries and glands within the functional layer of the endometrium, oxygen has many other important functions, regeneration of the endometrium after Menses and induction of salt and water retention, simulates contractile emotions within the uterine myometrium and Fallopian tubes, during second half dimensional cycle following ovulation progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, progesterone is responsible for maintaining the thickness of the endometrium and inducing its secretory activity as it is prepared for implantation

In the secretory phase how does endometrium appear?

Thickened and academic measuring between 7 and 14 mm

Following Menses how does the endometrium appear?

Thin package anticline

A periovulatory endometrial sonography appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer while the functional layer is separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe

Three line sign

The trophoblastic cells surrounding the Blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin

syncytiotrophoblastic cells