Chapter 2

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents two variables with the strongest relationship?

-0.82

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

In class, we discussed the story of Genie, a young girl who was abused, leading to a lack of communication skills. Why do we utilize case studies like this?

It is unethical, or not possible, to conduct an experiment.

Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the scientific method?

ask a question, create a hypothesis, collect evidence, draw conclusions

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

In an experiment, the _____ group receives the placebo.

control

Phoebe is reading about a study that examined the relationship between time spent outdoors and blood pressure. The results revealed that as time spent outdoors increased, blood pressure decreased. What type of study is Phoebe reading about?

correlational study

Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler is designing an experiment to test a new drug meant to improve lung capacity. She predicts that the drug will cause lung capacity to increase. Which step in the scientific method is her prediction an example of?

create a hypothesis

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

What is the only type of research method that allows for causation to be determined?

experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

In a drug study, group one receives an inactive pill and group two receives a pill that is believed to be effective in treating depression. Group two is the ______.

experimental group.

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Factors that are manipulated in an experiment are known as:

independent variables.

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) was founded in order to _____.

keep research ethical

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks a group of participants over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

longitudinal

Jane Goodall is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using _______.

naturalistic observation

The more Jake exercises, the lower his resting heart rate becomes. What type of correlation is this?

negative

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Bernadette wants to conduct a survey to determine how satisfied her colleagues are with their work hours. She works at a very large corporation and only a portion of her colleagues actually fill out and return the survey to her. Everyone employed at Bernadette's corporation would be the _____ and her colleagues that fill out and return the survey would be the _____.

population; sample

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Egor has a headache. His friend, Ivan, gives him a wristband and tells him that it contains technology that can relieve headaches. Egor puts the wristband on and reports that he feels much better. A few hours later Ivan explains that the wristband does not actually relieve headaches. Egor was experiencing _____.

the placebo effect

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

______ describes the attempt to duplicate research findings reported by other scientists.

Replication

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Using the experimental method, a researcher investigates whether watching television while eating causes a person to eat more potato chips than one eats when not watching television. In this case, the number of potato chips eaten represents the _____ variable.

dependent

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This hypothesis suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

Penny is working as a research assistant on a drug trial for a new Alzheimer's treatment. She is having a hard time coping with the fact that Rose, one of the patients in the drug trial she has become close with, is receiving a placebo. Penny wishes she could tell Rose that she is not receiving the actual drug but she knows this would ruin the experiment. Based on this information, we know this is a _____ study and Rose is in the _____ group.

single-blind; control

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play