Chapter 2 and 4

Framework

A _____is the abstract, theoretical basis that guides the development of a study, may be tested and enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing body of knowledge

1. fabrication 2. falsification 3. forging of data

Identify three possible types of research misconduct

exempt review

Studies that involve the collection or examination of existing data by the chair of a member of the IRB. that will appose no apparent risk to subject

Natural Setting (Field Setting)

Uncontrolled, real-life situation or environment. researcher does not change or manipulate environment

1. describe 2. explain 3. predict 4. control

What are the 4 purposes of research?

Descriptive/Correlational Research

What quantitative research methods are conducted in a natural/ field setting

experimental research

____ research is an objective, systematic and highly controlled investigation conducted for the purposes of predicting and controlling phenomena in nursing practice

applied research

____ research is called practical research, generate knowledge that has the potential to influence clinical practice

quantitative research process

_____ Involves conceptualizing a research project, planning and implementing that project, and communicating the findings.

Complete review

_____ is required when a study contains greater than minimal risks to its participants.

Data Analysis

______reduces, organizes, and gives meaning to the data

conceptual definition

_____provides the theoretical meaning of a variable or concept and comes from a theorist's definition of the concept or is developed through concept analysis

expedited review

a review of study proposals that pose minimal risk to subjects; one or two IRB members participate

highly controlled setting

an artificially constructed environment developed for the sole purpose of conducting research

anonymity

condition in which a subjects identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses

Nursing Process

five-step systematic method for giving patient care that requires rigorous application of research methods assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating/ ,modifying

Privacy

freedom of an individual to determine the time, extent and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others

Willowbrook Study

injected institutionalized metal retarded children with hepatitis virus, without parents having option of declining participation, or knowing long-term effects

Confidentiality

management of private data in research in such a way that subjects identities are not linked with their responses

vulnerable populations

people with impaired decision making and are refereed to as vulnerable. specifically children, people with cognitive impairments, older adults, people with severe health problems, employees, and students.

research misconduct

practices such as fabrication, falsification, or forging of data; dishonest manipulation of the study design or methods; and plagiarism

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study

Unethical study involving injection of cancer cells into subjects without their consent physicians providing care for subjects were unaware that the study did this

A. Coercion Coercion occurs when one person intentionally presents an overt threat of harm or an excessive reward to another person to get him or her to participate in a study.

A homeless person was offered $100 to participate as a subject in a study. Offering this large amount of money might be interpreted as which of the following? A. Coercion B. Covert subject selection C. Deception D. Invasion of privacy

B. Complete and/or incomplete disclosure (In some studies, the nature of the study requires incomplete disclosure of information about the study when obtaining informed consent. Not informing subjects whether they are in the treatment or the comparison group in a study is an example of incomplete disclosure.)

A nurse is conducting a study of the effectiveness of a pain medication following surgery. The treatment group is given the pain medication and the comparison group is given a placebo pill. This is an example of which of the following? A. Anonymity B. Complete and/or incomplete disclosure C. Confidentiality D. Privacy

D. Theoretical limitation (Theoretical limitations are weaknesses in the study framework, and conceptual and operational definitions that restrict the abstract generalization of the findings.)

A nurse researcher conducted a study with Becker's health belief model as the framework for the study. The researcher failed to provide conceptual definitions for the variables. This is an example of what type of limitation? A.Assumption B.Framework C.Methodological limitation D. Theoretical limitation

B. Design

A nurse researcher developed a descriptive correlational blueprint for conducting a study to examine hopelessness and anxiety in patients who are diagnosed with breast cancer. Which step of the research process does this statement clarify? A. Data collection B. Design C. Conclusion D. Measurement

B. Field (A field setting is a natural, uncontrolled, real-life situation where a study might be conducted)

A nurse researcher studied parenting behavior of new parents. The researcher conducted observations and interviews with the parents in their home. What type of setting was used for this study? A. Experimental B. Field C. Highly controlled D. Partially controlled

C. Plagiarism

What type of scientific misconduct involves the intentional representation of the work or ideas of others as one's own? A. Fabrication or falsification of study steps B. Irresponsible collaboration C. Plagiarism D. Selective retaining or manipulation of data

A. Anonymity (A subject has anonymity when his or her identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses.)

When a subject's identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual response, this subject is said to have which of the following? A. Anonymity B. Complete and/or incomplete disclosure C. Confidentiality D. Privacy

correlational research

___ is a type of quantitative research that involves the systematic investigation of relationships between or among variables.

assumption

____ is a statement that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they have no been scientifically tested.

autonomy

____ is freedom to conduct their lives as they chose without external controls

basic research

____ is referred to as pure research and includes scientific investigations conducted for the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth. also called bench reserach

quasi-experimental research

____ research examines casual relationships or determine the effect of one variable on another

Research process

_____ is more complex than the nursing process and involves the rigorous application/ implementation of a variety of research methods. it has a broader focus

generlization

_____ is the extension of the implication of the findings from the sample that was studied to the larger population

research purpose

____is generated from the problem and identifies the specific focus or goal of the study.

Rigor

___indicates strength and credibility of a study

operational definition

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study that can be measured or manipulated in a study

problem-solving process

a sequence of organized steps to follow when making decisions. 1. systematic collection of data to identify a problem. 2. determination of goals 3. identification of possible approaches or solutions to achieve these goals. 4. implementing selected solutions 5. evaluation of goals achievement

research problem

area of concern when there is a gap in knowledge needed for nursing practice that requires a solution

Ethical Principles

Principles of respect for persons, autonomy, beneficence and justice that are relevant to the conduct of research

B. Descriptive

The purpose of a study was to identify caring behavior desired by patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This purpose statement indicates that this is probably which type of study? A.Correlational B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental

review of relevant literature

researcher conduct_______to generate a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem and to document why a study needs to be conducted

Interpretation of research outcomes

step in the research process that involves exploring the significance of the findings, forming conclusions, considering implications for nursing and suggesting further studies

convert data collection

subjects are unaware study is taking place

Sampling

process by which participants are selected that are representative of the population being studied

Therapeutic research

provides patients with an opportunity to receive an experimental treatment that might have beneficial results

experiment

randomizing subjected into groups,collecting data and conducting statistical analysis

Nuremberg Code

ethical code of conduct with guidelines for research that uses human subjects. this protects the subjects from harm

descriptive research

in quantitative research____ is the exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations

Control (quantitative)

in quantitative research______ is the imposing of rules to decrease the possibility of error and increasing probability that the study's findings are an accurate reflection of reality

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

in which a sample of African American men diagnosed with syphilis were deliberately left untreated without the use of penicillin , without their knowledge, to learn about the lifetime course of the disease. national commission for the protection of human subjects was informed in response to the public outcry over the study

Nazi Medical Experiments

high altitude freezing temperatures malaria poisons typhus untested drugs surgery without anesthesia. subjected sustained physical damage or were killed and then the Nuremberg code was created in response to unethical experiments

Nontherapeutic research

research conducted to generate knowledge for science; the results might benefit future patients but will probably not benefit the research subjects

coercion

use of force to get someone to obey

D. Description of benefits

Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Description of any benefits to the subjects or to other people or future patients that may reasonably be expected from the research: A. Competency to give consent B. Consent to incomplete disclosure C. Disclosure of alternatives D. Description of benefits E. Offer to answer questions F. Option to withdraw G. Description of risks and discomforts H. Explanation of procedure I. Voluntary participation

H. Explanation of procedure

Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Prospective subjects receive a complete description of the procedures to be followed and identification of any procedures that are experimental in the study. A. Competency to give consent B. Consent to incomplete disclosure C. Disclosure of alternatives D. Description of benefits E. Offer to answer questions F. Option to withdraw G. Description of risks and discomforts H. Explanation of procedure I. Voluntary participation

A. Competency to give consent (Prospective subjects should know the extent to which their responses and records will be kept confidential. Subjects are promised that their identity will remain anonymous in reports and publications of the study.)

Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Prospective subjects should know the extent to which their responses and records will be kept confidential. A. Competency to give consent B. Consent to incomplete disclosure C. Disclosure of alternatives D. Description of benefits E. Offer to answer questions F. Option to withdraw G. Description of risks and discomforts H. Explanation of procedure I. Voluntary participation

C. Disclosure of alternatives (The investigator discloses the appropriate alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be advantageous to the subjects.)

Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Sharing descriptions of appropriate alternative procedures of courses of treatment with potential benefit to the subjects: A. Competency to give consent B. Consent to incomplete disclosure C. Disclosure of alternatives D. Description of benefits E. Offer to answer questions F. Option to withdraw G. Description of risks and discomforts H. Explanation of procedure I. Voluntary participation

E. Offer to answer questions

Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. The researcher offers to answer any questions the prospective subjects may have. A. Competency to give consent B. Consent to incomplete disclosure C. Disclosure of alternatives D. Description of benefits E. Offer to answer questions F. Option to withdraw G. Description of risks and discomforts H. Explanation of procedure I. Voluntary participation

A. Assessing the benefits of the study B. Assessing the risks of the study D. Maximizing the benefits of the study (Assessing benefits, maximizing benefits, and assessing risks of the study are all part of the benefit-risk ratio)

Which of the following are parts of balancing benefits and risks for a study? Select all that apply. A. Assessing the benefits of the study B. Assessing the risks of the study C. Eliminating all risks of the study D. Maximizing the benefits of the study

partially controlled setting

environment that the researcher manipulated or modified in some way

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee of peers that approves and disproves or requests changes to a study after examining a study for ethical concerns

D. Partially controlled (The cardiac rehabilitation center provides a partially controlled setting for this study because the environment is manipulated or modified in some way by the researcher so the treatment might be consistently implemented)

A nurse researcher was studying the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program on the heart rate, respiratory rate, and functional status of patients 2 months after a myocardial infarction. The study was conducted in the rehabilitation center where the researcher controlled the consistent implementation of the treatment. What type of setting was used for this study? A. Experimental B. Field C. Highly controlled D. Partially controlled

D. synthesizing (Synthesizing sources involves clustering and interrelating ideas from several sources to develop an understanding of what is known and not known about an area of concern or research problem.)

A nurse researcher was summarizing the research to determine the latest technique for giving intramuscular (IM) injections. The researcher summarized what was known and not known about giving IM injections. This is an example of ________ sources. A.analyzing B.comprehending C. skimming D. synthesizing

A.Benefits of the study

A nurse was conducting a study of the lipid levels in a group of Hispanic women. All subjects were given the values of their lipids (high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and total cholesterol) and their cardiovascular (CV) risk level. This is an example of which of the following? A.Benefits of the study B.Elimination of risks from the study C.Fair treatment in selection of subjects D. Risks of the study

C. Complete (A complete review is required when a study contains greater than minimal risks to its participants. Vulnerable populations require safety mechanisms to minimize risks, ensure informed consent is sought appropriately, and a plan is in place to promote safety and privacy.)

A researcher desires to study the lived experience of recently incarcerated pregnant prisoners. This study would most likely require which level of review? A.Exempt B. Expedited C. Complete D. Minimal

B. Covert data collection (With covert data collection, subjects are unaware that research data are being collected.)

A researcher was collecting data on the sexual activities of a group of college students living in a dormitory on campus. The students were not aware that they were being studied. This is an example of which of the following? A. Breach of confidentiality B. Covert data collection C. Diminished autonomy D. Risk of permanent damage

pilot study

A smaller version of a proposed study conducted to develop or refine methodology, such as treatment, instruments, or data collection process to be used in a larger study.

C.Methodological limitation

A study has a poorly developed method for measuring spiritual distress. This is an example of what type of limitation? A.Assumption B.Framework C.Methodological limitation D. Theoretical limitation

B. Exempt from review (Studies that involve the collection or examination of existing data, documents, records, or pathological specimens are usually determined to be exempt from review by the chair or a member of the IRB)

A study that involved a chart review to obtain information about a patient's smoking history, age, gender, and incidence of cardiovascular disease would usually require which of the following types of review by an institutional review board (IRB)? A. Complete review B. Exempt from review C. Expedited review D. Review by the researcher only

C. Temporary discomfort

A study that requires a diabetic patient to do one more blood glucose level per day has what level of discomfort for the subject? A. No anticipated effects B. risk of permanent damage C. Temporary discomfort D. Unusual levels of temporary discomfort

informed consent

Agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has indicated understanding of the essential information about the study

Principal of Beneficence

An ethical principal from the Belmont Report that encourages researchers to do good and above all, do no harm. it analyzes the risks and benefits

Principal of Justice

An ethical principal from the Belmont Report that states that human subjects have a right to fair treatment that includes access to potential benefits of the study and not overexposure to its risks

Principal of Respect for Persons

An ethical principal from the Belmont report stating that research participants should be treated as autonomous agents with the right to chose whether or not to participate in research or withdraw

B. Beneficence (The principle of beneficence encourages the researcher to do good and, above all, do no harm.)

Based on the Belmont Report ethical principles, which principle encourages the researcher to "do good and above all do no harm"? A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Respect of persons

breach of confidentiality

Disclosure of information without proper authorization.

Belmont Report

First major ethical guide that identified ethical principles to guide selecting subjects and informing them of the risks and benefits of the study.

C. Outcomes and dissemination of findings The evaluation and modification step of the nursing process is like the outcomes and dissemination steps of the research process because both are the final phase of each process. These final steps both involved examining the outcomes and the effectiveness of each process.

In comparing the nursing process and research process, one can say that the evaluation and modification step of the nursing process has similarities with which of the following steps of the research process? A. Data collection and analysis B.Methodology C. Outcomes and dissemination of findings D. Problem and purpose identification

D. To protect the subjects from a breach of confidentiality

In qualitative research, what is the primary reason for not identifying the subjects by name in the transcripts A. To ensure fair treatment of the subjects during data analysis B. To prevent diminished autonomy of the subjects C. To promote fair selection of the subjects during the data collection process D. To protect the subjects from a breach of confidentiality

design

In quantitative research, ____ is the blueprint for the conduct of the study that maximizes control over factors that could interfere

D. Operational definition

In reading a research report, the nurse researcher notes that depression was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory scale. Which of the following is this scale an example of? A. Conceptual definition B. Framework proposition C. Framework concept D. Operational definition

D. Self-determination (Right to self-determination is based on the principle of respect for persons and indicates that humans are autonomous agents who are capable of controlling their own destiny.)

Mary Jane Smith is mentally retarded and has been asked to participate in a study. Her diminished autonomy must be managed if she is to participate in a study. This characteristic is directly linked to which of the following human rights? A. Confidentiality B. Fair treatment C. Privacy D. Self-determination

Declaration of Helsinki

Nuremberg code developed ______clarifying differences between therapeutic research and non therapeutic research

A. Fabrication or falsification of study steps (Fabrication or falsification of study steps means the deliberate invention of nonexistent information or the misrepresentation of information for a study. In this example, the sample size is misrepresented, and the data for the extra subjects would be fabricated. )

Researchers exaggerated the number of subjects in their study and indicated that their sample size was 100 when it was only 50. This is an example of what type of scientific misconduct? A. Fabrication or falsification of study steps B. Irresponsible collaboration C. Plagiarism D. Selective retaining or manipulation of data

A. Formal written consent form (A written, formal consent document with the essential elements of informed consent is required by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for subjects with diminished autonomy.)

Subjects with diminished autonomy require what type of documentation of informed consent? A. Formal written consent form B. Short-form written consent form C. Tape recording of consent process D. Videotaping of the consent process

office of research integrity (ORI)

The ____ is a federal agency that reports and investigates research misconduct

deception

The act of misleading subjects which only permissible if there is no long-term harm and subjects consent to participation with the knowledge that they will be unaware or mislead about an aspect of the study

benefit- risk ratio

The balance between potential benefits and risks in a study that must be weighted by researcher to promote the conduct of ethical research

C. skimming

The nurse researcher conducts a quick review and reads and critiques research sources to gain a broad overview of the content. This is an example of which of the following? A.analyzing B.comprehending C. skimming D. synthesizing

D. Randomly assigns subjects to a treatment and control group

The nurse researcher is browsing research studies to find the study with the highest control. Which of the following samples would yield the least bias? A.Assesses subjects for mortality threats B. Assigns subjects to contrasted groups C. Establishes comparison groups D. Randomly assigns subjects to a treatment and control group

B. Basic

The nurse knows that __________________ is conducted to generate and refine theory, and is frequently not directly useful in practice. A.Applied B. Basic C. transitional D. outcome

A.Applied

The nurse on a medical surgical unit would like to use the research process to find a solution to the current infection rates for postsurgical patients. Which type of research would be employed? A.Applied B. Basic C. transitional D. outcome

A.Applied

The nurse researcher conducts a literature review and discovers a research article entitled, "The Effect of Massage to Decrease Musculoskeletal Pain: An Intervention Study." Based on this title, what type of research process was employed for this study? A.Applied B. Basic C. Correlational D. Descriptive

A. The discussion section (The discussion section of the research report includes the major findings, limitations of the study, conclusions drawn from the findings, implications of the findings for nursing, and recommendations for further research.)

The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. A participant raises her hand and asks, "In which section would I include the implications of the findings for nursing and the recommendations for further research?" What is the researcher's best response? A. The discussion section B.introduction section C. methods section D. results section

A. Abstract

The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. A participant raises his or her hand and asks, "Which section in the research report would one read to obtain a clear, concise summary of the study?" What is the researcher's best response? A. Abstract B. discussion of findings C. research purpose D. review of literature

B. Introduction, methods, results, and discussion

The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. The researcher begins with an overview of the four major parts most often included in a research report. Which of the following would be included in this overview? A. Introduction, literature review, design, and findings B. Introduction, methods, results, and discussion C. Problem, framework, methods, and discussion D. Review of literature, methods, results, and findings

B. Experimental

The nurse researcher is conducting a research study in a highly controlled environment. This is an example of what type of study? A. Phenomenology B. Experimental C. Ethnography D. Case study

C.Methodological limitation (Methodological limitations are restrictions in the study design that limit the credibility of the findings and the population to which the findings can be generalized. Examples of methodological limitations include small sample size, large sample mortality, measurement methods with inadequate reliability and validity, and poorly controlled treatment. )

The nurse researcher is evaluating a study that had a sample size of 15 subjects, and 5 of the subjects dropped out of the study before it was completed. This situation is an example of what type of limitation? A.Assumption B.Framework C.Methodological limitation D. Theoretical limitation

D. Quasi-experimental

The nurse researcher is implementing a treatment of a low-calorie diet to determine the impact of the diet on body weight. This is an example of what type of study? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Exploratory D. Quasi-experimental

C. Experimental

The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a highly controlled study, which is often conducted in a laboratory setting. Which type of research is the nurse seeking? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental

B. Descriptive

The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a study that examines a new area of research where little information is available. Which type of research is the nurse seeking? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Exploratory D. Quasi-experimental

D. Quasi-experimental

The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a study that examines the examination of cause and effect relationships in partially controlled settings. Which type of research is the nurse seeking? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Exploratory D. Quasi-experimental

A. Correlational

The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a study that examines the relationships between two or more variables. Which type of research is the nurse seeking? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Exploratory D. Quasi-experimental

A.Assumption (This statement is an example of an assumption. Assumptions are statements that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though these statements have not been scientifically tested.)

The nurse researcher states "People want to maintain control of their own health problems." This is an example of which of the following? A.Assumption B.Framework C.Methodological limitation D. Theoretical limitation

1. expedited review 2. complete/full review 3. exempt review

The three levels of institutional review of research are?

A. Declaration of Helsinki (The Declaration of Helsinki defined therapeutic research as research that provides patients with an opportunity to receive a treatment that might have beneficial results. Nontherapeutic research is conducted to generate knowledge for a discipline; the results of the study might benefit future patients, but will probably not benefit those acting as research subjects. )

Which ethical code or regulation had a major focus on differentiating therapeutic research from nontherapeutic research? A. Declaration of Helsinki B. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1973 Regulations of the Protection of Human Research Subjects C. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research D. Nuremberg Code

D. All the above

Which of the following are essential element(s) of informed consent? A. Competency to give consent B. Comprehension of essential study information C. Disclosure of essential information regarding the study D. All the above

B. Children

Which of the following potential research subjects have diminished autonomy and are incompetent to give informed consent? A. Adult patients in a clinic B. Children C. College students over 18 D. Older in a nursing home

D. Willowbrook study (The Willowbrook study was conducted from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s at Willowbrook Institution for the Mentally Retarded in New York and involved deliberately infecting children with the hepatitis virus. )

Which of the following unethical studies involved deliberately infecting children with the hepatitis virus? A.Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study B. Nazi medical experiments C. Tuskegee study D. Willowbrook study

C. Tuskegee study The Tuskegee syphilis study was conducted to determine the natural course of syphilis in adult black men. The study continued into the 1970s, well after an effective treatment for syphilis had been developed.

Which of the following unethical studies involved the U.S. Public Health Service studying syphilis in African American men over a 40-year period? A.Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study B. Nazi medical experiments C. Tuskegee study D. Willowbrook study

Identifiable private information (IPI)

any information, including demographic information, collected from an individual that is created or received by healthcare providers, health plan or healthcare clearinghouse