Chapter 2: Chemistry Review

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Which of the following statements correctly describe a properly balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply A- The number of molecules in the reactants should be the same as the number of molecules in the products B- The physical states of the reactants may be different that the physical states of the products C- The total number of atoms of each element must be the same in the reactants and the products D- The mass of the reactants is not necessarily the mass of the products

B and C

Ozone decomposes into oxygen and atomic oxygen. Which of the following statements correctly describe the balanced equation for this reaction? Select all that apply A- O2 is a product of the reaction B- There are 3 atoms of oxygen on the left side of the reaction and 3 atoms of oxygen on the product side of the reaction C- O3 is a product of the reaction D- A coefficient of one is needed on the reactant side

A and B

Define secondary pollution:

A secondary pollutant is a pollutant produced from one or more other pollutants

What is a catalyst?

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

Describe hydrocarbons

Are obtained from crude oil Gasoline and kerosene are mixtures of hydrocarbons

Which of the following options correctly describes the symbols used to write a balanced equation? Select all that apply A- The symbol (s) indicates that a substance is in a solution B- A pure liquid is indicated by the symbol (l) C- The symbol (g) indicates a substance in the gas phase D- The symbol (p) indicates a powdered substance

B and C

Balance the following chemical equation: C3H8 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O

What pollutants are generally produced by cars?

Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen oxides Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's)

Particulate matter with the designation PM10 includes particles with an average diameter of 10 ___ or less A- nm B- cm C- mm D- μm

D

Which of the following is the correct name of NO2? A- nitrogen oxide B- nitride dioxide C- mononitrogen dioxide D- nitrogen dioxide

D

Which of the following is a natural source of both ozone and nitrogen oxides? A- Earthquake B- Volcano eruption C- Wildfire D- Lightning

D- Lightning

In a combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Note that the oxygen found in the reactants ends up in both products. In order to balance the chemical equation in the most efficient manner, it is best to balance the oxygen atoms _____

Last; because in these cases it is best to balance the elements that appear in only one substance first

Which compound reacts with ozone, reducing the ozone concentrations along congested highways?

NO: because NO+O3=NO2+O2

Which species are involved in the conversion of NO to NO2 in the atmosphere?

O3 (ozone) VOC's OH (hydroxyl radical)

A molecule that always contains carbon and may contain hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen is called an ____ compound

Organic

A chemical reaction is a process whereby substances called ____ are transformed into different substances called ___

Reactants, products

What are the sources and environmental effects of SO2 (sulfur dioxide)?

SO2 can react with water to produce acid rain SO2 can lead to the formation of aerosols

Describe aerosols

SO3 can combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that remain suspended in the air Aerosols can contribute to pollution

What term is used to describe a situation where a resource in no particular groups responsibility but if it is destroyed or overused this has consequences for a large number of people?

Tragedy of the commons

Which two pollutants are responsible for the production of ozone in the trophosphere?

Volatile organic compounds (VOC's) Nitrogen dioxide

Describe the formation and control of pollutants produced by cars:

Volatile organic compounds are connected to the formation of nitrogen dioxide Catalytic converters have reduced the CO emissions from cars

Common name for H20

Water

penta-

five

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical ___ that expresses both the identities and the relative ___ of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change

formula, amounts

Hydrocarbons are primarily used as ___

fuel

what does (g) in an equation stand for?

gas

What concentration of ozone is in our troposphere on sunny days?

higher levels of O3

A volatile substance readily undergoes a phase change from ___

liquid to gas

What concentration of ozone is in our troposphere on rainy and windy days?

lower levels of O3

Common name for CH4

methane

During a chemical reaction, the number of different substances may or may not change, but the total mass of the matter present ___

remains unchanged

hepta-

seven

hexa-

six

Atmospheric nitrogen reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide. Which of the following is the correct balanced equation for this process? A- N2+O2 -> 2NO B- 2N2+2O2 -> 4NO C- N2+O2 -> NO D- N+O -> NO

A

Combustion is correctly described as ____ A- The process in which a substance burns in oxygen B- Any process that produces heat C- The combination of any substances with nitrogen D- Any chemical reaction involving oxygen

A

What are sources of particulate matter?

Burning coal Diesel engines Wildfires

True or False: Global greenhouse gas emissions can be thought of as an example of a tragedy of the commons

True Everyone is affected by everyone's emissions. This means that the air is the resource common to all and no one in particular is responsible for all of it

Combustion is an example of a type of chemical ____ where reactants are transformed into products

reaction

The common name for the compound H2O is ___ while the common name for the compound NH3 is ___

water and ammonia

Which of the following actions are permitted in balancing a chemical equation? A- Adding reactants or products B- Altering the formulas of the reactants or products C- Multiplying all coefficients by a common factor D- Adding coefficients to formulas of reactants and products

C and D

Balanced the unbalanced equation given and match each substance to the correct coefficient as indicated. Al+O2 -> Al2O3 A- Al 1. 2 B- O2 2. 3 C- Al2O3 3. 4

A and 3 B and 2 C and 1

What is the primary source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2)?

Coal-burning power plants

A species that passes easily from the liquid to the vapor phase is called a ____ substance

Combustible

Which of the following correctly describes how to name a compound containing 2 nonmetals? Select all that apply A- If only one atom of an element is present, the prefix mon- or mono- is always used B- A Greek numerical prefix is always used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound C- The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate D- The second element is named with its root and the suffix -ide

B, C and D

Match each air pollutant with its natural sources A- sulfur dioxide 1- includes dust and pollen B- Nitrogen oxide & ozone 2- produced during lightning strike C- Carbon monoxide 3- released by volcanos D- Particulate matter 4-may be produced by a wildfire

A and 3 B and 2 C and 4 D and 1

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information gained from a balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply A- Identities of the substances involved B- Temperature at which the reaction is carried out C- How fast a given reaction proceeds D- Relative quantities of substances involved E- Often the physical states of reactants and products

A, D and E

A chemical equation that is properly balanced obeys the law of ___

Conservation of Mass

what does (aq) in an equation stand for?

aqueous

Which of the following is a natural source of both ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)? A- Wildfire B- Lighting C- Earthquake D- Volcano eruption

A- wildfire

What products may be formed when a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion? Select all that apply A- CO B- CO2 C- CH4 D- O2 E- heat

A, B and E

Which of the following are considered air pollutants? A- Nitrogen B- Particulate Matter C- Ozone D- Nitrogen Dioxide E- Argon F- Carbon monoxide

B, C, D and F

Which of the following options describe particulate matter? Select all that apply A- Particulate matter is classified by composition B- The most dangerous particulate matter is visible as soot or smoke C- Some particulate matter can pass into the bloodstream and cause heart disease D- Dust is an example of particulate matter E- Particulate matter can originate from fires, car engines, or coal-burning plants.

C, D and E

Formula for the compound: dichlorine pentoxide

Cl2O5

The correct formula for the compound dichlorine pentoxide is Cl_O_

Cl2O5

True or false: In order to balance the reaction of hydrogen gas (H2) with oxygen gas (O2) to form liquid H20 a student adds a subscript of 2 to the oxygen in H2O. This is an acceptable method of balancing the above reaction

False

Even in very small concentrations ozone can affect ___ function in humans. Ozone also damages ___ which are essential to human life

Lungs; crops

What ailment is the primary hazard associated with exposure to particulate matter?

Melanoma Eczema and skin lesions

If a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in a respective one-to-three ratio, what is the correct chemical formula for this compound?

NH3

When balancing a combustion reaction, which element should be balanced last?

Oxygen, because it is the only element that appears in its elemental form in the equation, therefore it can be adjusted independently once C and H are balanced

True or false: After the completion of a chemical reaction the number of substances may change but the total mass of matter present remains constant.

True

Droplets that contain suspended solid and liquid particles are called ____

aerosols

Common name for NH3

ammonia

Organic compounds always contain the element ___

carbon

Volatile organic compounds are ____- containing compounds that pass easily into the ____ phase

carbon; gas

Greek numerical prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of a particular element present in a covalent compound. The prefix ____ indicates 10 atoms of the same element, while the prefix hexa- is used to indicate ___ atoms of the same element.

deca, 6

The chemical formula CCl4 indicates that there is/are _ carbon atom(s) for every _ chlorine atom(s)

1 and 4

Steps involved in ozone production:

1.) Nitrogen dioxide is exposed to sunlight 2.) Nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom are produced 3.) An oxygen atoms reacts with an oxygen molecule 4.) Ozone is produced

Which of the following statements correctly describe a properly balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply A- The physical states of the reactants may be different than the physical states of the products B- The mass of the reactants is not necessarily the same as the mass of the products C- The number of molecules in the reactants must be the same as the number of molecules in the products D- The total number of atoms of each element must be the same in the reactants and the products

A and D

Compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon are called ____

hydrocarbons or organic

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only ___ and ___

hydrogen and carbon

what does (l) in an equation stand for?

liquid

A chemical equation must be balanced. This means that the same ___ and ___ of atoms must appear on both sides of the equation.

number and type

mono-

one

what does (s) in an equation stand for?

solid

What may increase the concentration of tropospheric ozone?

sunny day and stagnant air

di-

two

VOC's or ___ are a class of air pollutant that typically originates from ____

volatile organic compounds; cars

Balance the following chemical equation: SO2 + O2 -> SO3

2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3

When naming a compound composed of 2 nonmetals, the number of atoms of each element is indicated by a Greek numerical ___

prefix

Describe the ozone exposure and its effects:

ozone reduces lung function ozone reacts with the rubber on car tires

Balance the following chemical equation: C4H10 + O2 -> CO2 + H20

2C4H10 + 13O2 -> 8CO2 + 10 H2O

Which of the following options correctly describe air pollutants? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. A- Particulate matter is an example of an air pollutant. B- Any substances other than nitrogen and oxygen are considered air pollutants. C- All air pollutants are gases. D- Some air pollutants are hazardous at levels well below 1 ppm. E- Sulfur dioxide is the only gaseous air pollutant that is odorless.

A and D

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name a compound containing two nonmetals? Select all that apply A- The second element is named with its root and the suffix -ide B- If only one atom of an element is present, the prefix mon- or mono- is always used C- A Greek numerical prefix is always used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound D- The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate.

A, C and D

Common name for O3

ozone


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