Chapter 2 Connect
The pH scale, which spans from
0 - 14
Which of the following is the correct definition of the term "electrolyte"?
A chemical that dissociates in water, producing a solution that can conduct electricity.
Which of the following is the location of the reaction on an enzyme?
Active site
Anion or Cation: OH-
Anion (negative)
Covalent Bond
Bond that forms when electrons are shared between atoms
Ionic Bond
Bond that forms when electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another
Which type of macromolecule combines with proteins to make compounds such as peptidoglycan and other types of identifying compounds found in the cell membrane?
Carbohydrates
Anion or Cation: H+
Cation (positve)
Lipids (Steroid)
Cholesterol
Which of these molecules is hydrophobic? Disaccharide Protein Glucose Amino Acid Cholesterol
Cholesterol
Which molecules generate the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane?
Cofactor molecules that where reduced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Phosphate
Comprises the hydrophilic head
Some factors that affect reaction rates are
Concentration, Temperature, Catalysts
Anabolism
Endergonic; energy-storing synthesis reactions
Catabolism
Exergonic; energy-releasing decomposition reactions
A phospholipid is one type of triglyceride.
False
Hydrogen ions want to move from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix because of an osmotic pressure gradient.
False
The pH of blood plasma is approximately 7.4, which is slightly acidic.
False
ionizing radiation
High-energy radiation, such as that emitted by radioisotopes, ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions
Fatty acids
Hydrocarbon chains
When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water
Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Glucose
Membranes are made up
Phospholipids
Which of these pairs are correctly matched? Choose all that apply.
Phospholipids - cell membranes Triglycerides - storage
Which of the statements correctly describe phospholipids in the cell membrane? Choose all that apply.
Phospholipids arrange in two layers
What type of bonding involves the unequal sharing of electrons?
Polar covalent bonding
During this process, a single ______________ from one of the hydrogen atoms dissociates from the rest of the molecule, leaving its electron behind, hence the positive and negative charges on the ions.
Proton
What is the name of the positively charged subatomic particle?
Proton
Acid
Proton donor, releases a proton (H+) in water.
What structure composed partly of protein is involved in translation, resulting in the production of more proteins?
Ribosomes
At room temperature, coconut oil is a very soft white paste. What type of fats make up the majority of coconut oil's composition?
Saturated fats
What do both triglycerides and phospholipids have in common?
Single glycerol molecule
Which of the following is an example of a strong electrolyte?
Sodium Chloride
Disaccharides (Polymer)
Starch
Suspensions (exceed 100nm)
Such large particles render suspensions cloudy or opaque.
Glycerol
The backbone of phospholipids
What differs in the structure of trigycerides and phospholipids?
The number of fatty acid chains
Cation
The one that loses electrons acquires a positive charge
Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?
There are no double bonds in the fatty acid tails, allowing them to pack more tightly together.
Asymmetrical spacing of the backbones of the DNA double helix generates major and minor grooves.
True
Doubled-stranded DNA consists of two antiparallel strands, meaning that one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction while the other is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.
True
The number of electrons in the valence shell determine what types of bonds an atom can form.
True
Alcohol
Variable group bound to the phosphate head
What does the prefix "hydro-" mean?
Water
Van der Waals forces
Weak attractions between molecules with low levels of polarity
Hydrogen Bond
Weak bond that forms between a hydrogen covalently bonded to one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another molecule
Reduction
a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy.
Carbohydrate
a hydrophilic organic molecule
isomer
a molecule with identical molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms are called
chemical reaction
a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.
emulsion
a suspension of one liquid in another, such as oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. The fat in breast milk is an emulsion.
solutions with pH below 7 are
acidic
Proteins are made of
amino acids
Oxidation
any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy.
Radioisotopes
are Unstable isotopes
solute particles
are under 1 nanometer (nm) in size. The solute and solvent therefore cannot be visually distinguished from each other, even with a microscope.
and solutions with pH above 7 are
basic
A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a
buffer
Carboxyl
carbon-containing functional group of amino acids
Ions
charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons.
Molecules
chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond.
Free radicals
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. (can cause cancer)
antioxidant
chemical that neutralizes free radicals.
colloids are usually
cloudy
mixture
consists of substance that physically blended but not chemically combined. Each substance retains its own chemical properties.
As the amount of H+ in a solution increases, the amount of OH- _____________ proportionally and vice versa
decreases
The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its
electrons
The breakdown of glycogen (an energy-storage compound) is an example of ________________ reaction.
exergonic
Five primary types of lipids in humans
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
Chemical Bonds
forces that attracted molecules to one another and held them together
Monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
The ___________ the number of H+ ions, the ____________ the pH and the ______________ the acidity of that solution.
greater, lower, greater
What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?
hydrogen bond
Consider the water molecule; it is comprised of two ____________ atoms, each with ____________ proton and one electron, and an oxygen atom with ____________ protons and eight electrons.
hydrogen, one, eight
A _____________ reaction breaks a ________________ down into its monomers.
hydrolysis, polymer
Minerals
inorganic elements extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. 4% of human body weight: 3/4 of it is Ca and P the other 1/4 is Cl, Mg, K, Na, and S
Suspensions are too
large and heavy
Colloids are too
large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes.
The most common colloid in the body are
mixtures of protein and water, such as the albumin in blood plasma.
Chemical reactions are based on
molecular motion and collisions.
compound
molecule composed of two or more elements.
The result of oxygen's high electronegativity is that the two hydrogen electrons are unevenly drawn toward the oxygen atom conferring a slight _____________ charge on that atom, while each hydrogen atom, lacking its electrons, is slightly positive.
negative
A solution with a pH of 7.0 is
neutral
The distribution of electrons between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms is not equal, however. Because __________ has eight protons in its nucleus, the large ____________ charge confers high _____________________ on that atom. That is, the single electrons from each hydrogen have a much ____________ affinity for the eight oxygen protons, than their own single proton.
oxygen, positive, electronegativity, greater
Colloids
particles range from 1 to 100 nm in size.
The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as
phosphate-sugar-base
Chemical energy
potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules.
Base
proton acceptor
The rate of a reaction depends on the nature of the ________________ and on the _______________ and ___________ of these collisions.
rate, nature of the reactants, frequency, force
The denaturation of proteins in a cell would have a profound effect on which of the following cellular activities? Choose all that apply.
resistance to osmotic pressure, selective permeability of the cell membrane, gene expression
Oligosaccharides
short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides
The single electron in each hydrogen would like a partner to complete its outer shell, and oxygen, with ____________ electrons in its outer shell, requires two more to stabilize its outer shell. Sharing their respective electrons would resolve these issues.
six
Hydrophilic
substance dissolves in water
Hydrophobic
substance doesn't dissolve in water
Electrolytes
substances that ionize in water (acids, bases, or salts) and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
Disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
All molecules are in constant motion, and reactions occur when mutually reactive molecules collide with ___________________ and the ___________________________.
sufficient force, right orientation
Solvency
the ability to dissolve other chemicals.
Electromagnetic energy
the kinetic energy of moving "packets" of radiation called photons
Anion
the particle that gains electrons acquires a negative charge
Radioactivity
the process of decay is called
Element
the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
Cohesion
the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other.
Adhesion
the tendency of one substance to cling to another
physical half-life
the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state. It is characteristic to each radioisotope.
biological half-life
the time required for half of it to disappear from the body.
Water
the universal solvent
Thermal stability
water helps stabilizes the internal body temperature.
