Chapter 2 quizlet religion

Apostolic Father

Christian people who we believe may havd known the apostles

Doctor of the Church

"A Doctor of the Church (Doctor Ecclesiæ) is a specific title granted by the Pope to those whose development of theology and personal sanctity are exemplary. This tradition began in the Medieval period and continues into the present. There are more than thirty Doctors of the Church. In 2015 Pope Francis named St. Gregory of Narek—a tenth-century monk, poet, mystical philosopher, and theologian—to the ranks of Doctors of the Church."

Church Father

"A number of great and holy leaders arose to lead the Church, explain the Faith, and meet the unique challenges posed by the different heresies. They are known as the Church Fathers. The Church Fathers shared the following characteristics: orthodoxy in doctrine, holiness, notoriety, and antiquity. The title "Church Father" is not conferred by the Church; it is simply a traditionally held title. While no definitive list exists, the Church Fathers are typically divided into two groups: Latin (West) and Greek (East) Fathers. The Golden Age of the Church Fathers was from 320 to 461. St. Isidore of Seville (ca. 560-636) in the West and St. John of Damascus (ca. 655-ca. 750) in the East are generally regarded as the last significant Church Fathers."

Docetism (Heresy)

"Docetism, yet another Gnostic heresy rising from the presupposition of the corrupt nature of matter, maintained that Jesus was not truly human and did not actually suffer the pain of crucifixion and death. "

Christian Gnosticism (Heresy)

"Gnosticism rejected the Church's teaching regarding both Christ's human and divine nature. According to Gnostic thought, Jesus did not have a human nature; for a human nature, being materially bound, is naturally evil. Instead, he was a good divine being whose purpose, as the Gnostic redeemer, was to bring the secret knowledge (gnosis) and make it known to man"

Marcionism (Heresy)

"Marcion (d.ca.AD160) founded his heretical movement very early in the life of the Church, and it lingered well into the fifth century in the West and for centuries longer in the East. Marcion adapted important ideas from Gnostic beliefs to form his own theology. From Gnosticism he took the idea of the Demiurge, whom he identified as the jealous, revengeful God of the Old Testament"

Montanism (Heresy)

"Montanism was an apocalyptic movement founded by Montanus in Phrygia (Asia Minor, modern day Turkey) following what he said were private revelations made to him. Montanus worked closely with two female prophets, Prisca and Maximilla. Montanus' central principle was that the new, heavenly kingdom was about to begin in Pepuza, a small town in Phrygia (the exact location of this town is lost to history); he knew this because of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon him. Montanism also held that Christians who had fallen from grace could never be redeemed. Because Montanus and his followers believed they were directly inspired by the Holy Spirit, they rejected the authority of the Church."

St. Jerome

"St. Jerome spent four to five years in the Syrian desert leading an ascetical life with companions, and while there he learned Hebrew, which would prove vital for his future work of translating Scripture into Latin. St. Jerome never stopped advocating or living a penitential life even when he lived in cities. From 382 to 385 St. Jerome served as a secretary to Pope St. Damasus I. After 386 he spent the last years of his long life in Bethlehem as the head of a new monastery where he continued his scholarship."

Heresy -Definition by St. Thomas Aquinas

"St. Thomas Aquinas defined heresy as "a species of unbelief, belonging to those who profess the Christian faith, but corrupt its dogmas"

Council of Nicaea, 325 AD

"The Emperor Constantine pushed for a General Council at Nicaea in 325. He was anxious to promote unity in the Empire through a general adherence to Christianity, which was then divided over Arianism. Constantine even paid for the traveling expenses of the western Bishops to secure their involvement and resolve the problem promptly. At the Council of Nicaea, Constantine opened the first session and played the important role of peacemaker between the two factions, Arian and Catholic, though it is doubtful that he understood all the subtleties involved in the discussions on the divinity of Christ."

Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed

"The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is recited as the Profession of Faith on most Sundays immediately following the homily in the Mass. Bear in mind that the exact wording of the creed is important because of its theological complexity, opposition to heresy, historical continuity, and the unity that it provides throughout the Church. The Nicene and Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creeds represent an area of agreement and unity for both East and West as the summation of the work of the first two ecumenical councils. A number of the Reformation era churches also recognize its authority, particularly the Lutheran and Anglican churches"

~ "Vulgus"

"The name Vulgate comes from the Latin vulgus, ("common,") as it was written in the common language of the people of the day. "

Ecumenical Council

"The word "ecumenical" comes from the Greek word oikoumene, meaning "the whole inhabited world." Ecumenical councils bring bishops under the leadership of the pope together from all over the world to discuss central issues of the Church"

Manichæism (Heresy)

"This heresy stated that Satan had managed to steal light particles and place them in the brains of humans. The goal of Manichæism was to share the secret knowledge which liberates this light so it could return to its original source. "

~ "Vulgate"

"his most important work was undoubtedly the translation of the Bible from the original sources into Latin, known as the Vulgate, which is still the normative text in the Church today. With the Vulgate, the Scriptures were for the first time brought into a uniform translation for the people of the Western Empire. The name Vulgate comes from the Latin vulgus, ("common,") as it was written in the common language of the people of the day."

Gnosticism (as a philosophy)

"is derived from the Greek word gnosis ("knowledge"). The name refers to one of the principle tenets of this multifaceted heresy, namely, that salvation may be achieved through knowledge"

St. Athanasius

"marshaled the necessary orthodox forces to defeat the Arian heresy in the Church. His task was not easy, but St. Athanasius was a persistent and fearless man who would not be silenced. When almost the entire Eastern Church had fallen to the Arians, St. Athanasius still raised his voice to testify to the truth. Even after at least five forced exiles, he was not deterred. The process by which the Church determined her own teaching regarding the divinity of Christ took time, and it was a road with many twists and turns."

St. John Chrysostom

"was an outstanding preacher and commentator on the Bible. He studied law in Antioch, as well as theology under Diodorus, the future bishop of Tarsus. Thus, Chrysostom studied in the influential Antiochene school and became well versed in Greek scholarship and classical culture."

~ St. Ambrose of Milan

"was born in Trier, Germany, close to the frontier with the barbarians. He was the son of the Praetorian Prefect for Gaul. St. Ambrose studied law, became a lawyer, and eventually governor, based in Milan. Upon the death of Milan's Arian bishop around 373, the people clamored for St. Ambrose to succeed him. Though from a Christian family, St. Ambrose was only a catechumen, and he initially resisted accepting the office. Eventually, he acceded and was soon baptized, ordained, and installed as bishop. St. Ambrose was a zealous defender of the Church's independence from the state. He both counseled and, at times, condemned decisions of the emperors."

Infallible

Inability to do wrong and to fail

~ "Oikoumene" -Definition

The word ecumenical derives from it

Homoousios

This "is a Christian theological doctrine pertaining to the Trinitarian understanding of God."

Neo-Platonism (Philosophy)

This "is a modern term used to designate the period of Platonic philosophy beginning with the work of Plotinus and ending with the closing of the Platonic Academy by the Emperor Justinian in 529"