Chapter 2 review (Fundamentals of Nursing)
Experimental research
examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions.(examines cause and effect relationships; done IN lab setting)
deductive reasoning,
in which one examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas. bigger to smaller
Applied research, also called practical research,
is designed to directly influence or improve clinical practice. Quantitative research involves the concepts of basic and applied research.
Scientific knowledge
knowledge obtained through the scientific method (implying thorough research). New ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria.
A group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern
makes up a conceptual framework or model. Like the blueprint of a house.
Quasi-experimental research
often conducted in clinical settings to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes. (examines cause and effect relationships; done OUTSIDE lab setting)
The body of nursing knowledge
provides the rationale for nursing interventions.
EBP may consist of
specific nursing interventions or may use guidelines established for the care of patients with certain illnesses, treatments, or surgical procedures.
General Systems Theory by Ludwig von Bertalanffy,
describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. ex A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory? General systems theory
Nursing research, broadly defined,
encompasses research to improve the care of people in the clinical setting as well as the broader study of people and the nursing profession.
Historical research
examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today.
Correlational research
examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables.(examines the type and degree of relationships between 2 or more variables)
Quantitative research
involves the concepts of basic and applied research. uses terms: variable, data, hypothesis ect..(analyzes words instead of numbers; can be used to investigate perceptions) ex A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research? Quantitative research
Evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing
is a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available. blends both the science and the art of nursing so that the best patient outcomes are achieved. ex The nursing student studying research exhibits an understanding when informing the instructor that which of the following is the bridge between theory and practice? Evidence-based research ex The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. In order to complete a systematic review of the literature the nurse must do which of the following? Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.
Basic research, sometimes called pure or laboratory research,
is designed to generate and refine theory, and the findings are often not directly useful in practice. ex As a researcher begins to form plans for a research project the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection data and the analyses for the purpose of creating a new theory would select which of the following methods of research? Basic research
Descriptive research
is often used to generate new knowledge about topics with little or no prior research.(explores and describes events in a real-life situation to identify relationships between and among events)
The purpose of phenomenology (both a philosophy and a research method)
is to describe experiences (used to describe experiences as the are lived by the subjects being studied)
inductive reasoning
one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas. smaller to bigger ex A nurse observes that the past five patients referred from a certain community clinic have been treated for drug and/or alcohol overdose. Based on this information, the nurse assumes that the clinic specializes in the treatment of substance abuse. This is an example of what type of reasoning? Inductive reasoning
Developmental theory
outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death ex The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes the maturation of humans through stages. One student correctly identifies this theory as what? Developmental theory
Grounded Theory
the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene.(discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene)
Research is conducted to
validate and refine current knowledge or to develop new knowledge. The goals of research are to develop explanations (in theories) and to find solutions to problems.
The ultimate goal of each nursing theory framework
is holistic patient care, individualized to meet needs, promote health, and prevent or treat illness.
theory-based nursing directs nurses
toward a common goal, with the ultimate outcome being improved patient care. It provides a knowledge base, organizing concepts, providing guidelines for practice, and identifying nursing care goals. ex. One of the primary focuses of nursing research is to: generate knowledge to guide practice
Ethnographic research
was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nursing.
Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice
(1) the person (patient), (2) the environment, (3) health, and (4) nursing. With the person being the most important
Nursing Theory
Nursing theory is developed to describe nursing. Nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices. Thus, theories provide a means of testing knowledge through research and for expanding nursing's knowledge base to meet the health care needs of patients in an ever-changing society. ex The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. One student correctly identifies this theory as what? Nursing theory
Nursing has two essential elements:
a body of knowledge and the application of that knowledge in nursing care interventions.
Research as scientific inquiry
a process that uses observable and verifiable information (data), collected in a systematic manner, to describe, explain, or predict events.
Concepts
are abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality. They describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.
A theory is
composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is a method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings. At its core is the idea that reality is based on perceptions, which differ for each person and change over time. ex The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? Qualitative research
To practice EBP, nurses carry out the following 5 steps
Step 1: Ask a question about a clinical area of interest or an intervention. Step 2: Collect the most relevant and best evidence. Step 3: Critically appraise the evidence. Step 4: Integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in making a decision to change. Step 5: Evaluate the practice decision or change. 1) Formulate a clinical question 2) Collect data 3) Appraise the evidence 4) Integrate the data/evidence 5) Evaluate practice decision or change
PICO components for clinical research
p=patient, problem or population of interest i=intervention of interest c=comparison of interest o=outcome of interest example of a PICO Question Is the use of low air loss alternating pressure mattresses associated with lesser rates of pressure ulcers than alternating pressure mattress overlays among adult inpatients at risk for pressure ulcers? ex A nurse manager is attempting to switch the medical records in an orthopedic office to a computerized format. The nurse asks questions about the accuracy and efficiency of the current record keeping system by using the PICO format. Which statements illustrate the components of this process? Select all that apply. • P: The nurse chooses the population involved (orthopedic clients). • I: The nurse considers interventions to make the plan work. • C: The nurse compares the written records to the computerized records.
Traditional Knowledge
passed down from generation to generation (example: "That's the way we've always done it.") ex A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what? Traditional knowledge
Adaptation theory
the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. a continuously occurring process that effects change and involves interaction and response. (describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems") ex A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. The parents have a child with a severe peanut allergy. The mother states that she does not purchase any foods with peanut or peanut oil for her family. The other children are allowed to have foods containing peanuts while they are at school and visiting with friends and family. The nurse would conclude that which of the following theories would most like be the basis for this family's functioning? Adaptation Theory
