Chapter 2: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

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Fluid

"Substance that flows", is when then particles move freely and allow the substance to flow from place to place.

Surface tension

-Is the force that holds atoms in a liquid together. -Is the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface together; cause the surface to act as if it has a thin skin.

Amorphous solids

-The particles are not arranged in a regular pattern -have no geometric pattern. -dont melt at a distinct temperature

Particles of a solid

-The particles are packed very closely together -Are locked in position and can only vibrate in place

Pressure

-the force pushing on a surface divided by the area of the surface -it is a factor that you can feel it.

1 KPa

= 1,000 Pascal

Charles' law

A principle that describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure. -directly proportional

directly proportional

A term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose graph is a straigh line passing throught the point (0,0).

Third law

At a constant volume, the pressure and the temperature are directly proportional

Vaporization

Change in state from a liquid to gas. -it occurs when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently.

Sublimation

Change in state from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state.

formula of pressure

Force ------ Area

Jacques Charles

French scientist, examined the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas that is kept at a constant pressure. He measured the volume of a gas at various temperatures in a container that could change volume.

Liquid

Has a definite volume and acquire the shape of its container (no shape of its own).

Gas

Has neither definite shape nor a definite volume.

Temperature

Is a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance. -how hot or cold something is.

Viscosity

Is the resistance of liquid to flow.

Freezing point

Is when the particles of a substance are moving so slowly that they begin to take on fixed positions.

Particles of a liquid

Move around one another freely.

Crystalline solids

The particles form a regular, repeating pattern that creases crystals, geometric pattern.

The difference between amorphous and crystalline solids

The pattern of how they are made and the melting point.

Evaporation

The process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gas.

Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid boils.

Particles of a gas

They spread apart, filling all the space available.

Boiling

Vaporization that occurs at and below the surface of a liquid.

Example of a solid

a pencil

Boyle's law

a principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. -inversely proportional

Example of evaporation:

a shrinking puddle, water in the puddle gains energy from the ground, the air or the sun, and the added energy enables some of the water molecules on the surface of the puddle to escape into the air (evaporate).

inversely proportional

a term used to describe the relationshipe between two variables whose product is constant.

atm

atmósfera

You can observe condensation by...

breathing into a mirror

Deposition

change of matter from gas to solid

Volume is measured in:

cm^3, m^3, mL, and L

Solid

definite shape and a definite volume.

example of sublimation

dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid so instead of melting, it changes directly to gas, as it sublimes it absorbs thermal energy, this property helps keep materials

There are 2 main types of vaporization:

evaporation and boiling.

Examples of amorphous solids

glass, butter, clay, plastics, Jello, and rubber, caramelos (dulces)

Examples of viscosity

honey, oil, molasses, syrup and body lotion.

A change from solid to liquid...

involves an increase in thermal energy

The melting point of pure water is...

is 0 Celsius at sea level.

water vapor

is a colorless liquid

Condensation

is the change in state from a gas to a liquid.

Freezing

is the change in state from liquid to solid.

Melting

is the change in state from solid to liquid.

When dry ice becomes a gas...

it cools water vapor in the nearby air, the water vapor then condenses into a liquid, forming fog near the dry ice.

At a solid's melting point...

its particles vibrate so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.

When the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is decreased

its volume decreases.

When the temperature of a gas a ta constant pressure is increases...

its volume increases.

Using dry ice is a way to...

keep the temperature low when a refrigetar is not available.

kPa

kilopascals

mm of Hg

milímetro de mercurio

Examples of crystalline solids:

minerals, salt, sugar and snowflakes

Pressure is measured in

mm of Hg, kilopascals, atm y Torr

Condensation occurs when...

particles in gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid.

Particles of a solid as it sublimes

particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas

Charles' Law

pressure vs. volume, how does pressure affect the volume of a gas.

Properties of liquids

surface tension and viscosity.

Boyle's Law

temperature vs. volume, how does temperature affect volume.

Volume

the amount of space that matter fills.

In crystalline solids...

the melting occurs at a specific temperature.

When the temperature is decreased

the pressure of the gas decreases.

When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is increased,

the pressure of the gas increases.

The freezing point of water is...

the same as the melting point 0 Celsius.

In the 1600's...

the scientist Robert Boyle carried out experiments to try to improve air pumps. He measured the volumes of gases at different pressures. The experiments showed that ga, volume and pressure were related.

Melting point

the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to liquid.

Chemists use boiling points...

to help identify unkown substances.

Torr

unidad de presión

When water boils...

vaporized water molecules form bubbles below the surface, they rise and eventually break the surface of the liquid.

example of surface tension:

water droplets on leaves

Example of freezing:

water increases volume


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