chapter 2 study guide

At 2 o'clock in the morning, 25-year-old Shawn has already slept for three hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect increasing occurrence of...

REM sleep.

Attention to her long-term goal of becoming a doctor enables Maria to avoid thoughtlessly skipping difficult class assignments. This best illustrates the adaptive value of...

consciousness.

Tammy is talking with a group of friends at another friend's house party. This behavior is regulated by her...

frontal lobes.

Simone is a political cartoonist whose work requires her to think imaginatively and present ideas in visually novel ways. Her work is most likely facilitated by...

full nights of sleep.

Jamie consistently fails to get as much sleep as she needs. This is most likely to place her at increased risk of...

gaining weight.

Jazmine is cooking dinner while studying for her upcoming class exam. Which brain area is involved in this multitasking?

reticular formation

Angela is focusing her study efforts on biology, a subject she knows nothing about. Specially, she is focused on an assignment involving dissection. She is likely to use...

sequential processing.

Piper is in a sleep stage that is also known as paradoxical sleep. Which sleep stage is she in?

REM

Shelby had not had enough sleep in the past week. She is at increased risk of having a driving accident because her lack of sleep diminishes her...

ability to focus attention.

Alyssa is learning how to drive and is intently focused on the car she is operating, the traffic on the road, and the road signs and traffic signals. This concentration is an aspect of her...

consciousness.

Dr. Warbs conducts research on the relationship between excess neurotransmitter molecules in the synaptic gap and migraines. Dr. Warbs' research focus is most characteristic of...

biological psychology.

During open-brain surgery, Frank's right ankle twitched whenever the surgeon electrically stimulated a specific area within Frank's...

left frontal lobe.

In a tragic biking accident, Dan damaged his spinal cord. As a result, his legs are paralyzed. Dan's injury was located in his...

central nervous system.

Stephanie is sleeping and will pass through a multistage sleep cycle several times tonight. As the night progresses, we can expect that she will spend less time in ____________ sleep.

deep

Brenda, who is supposed to get married tomorrow morning, can't get to sleep. Regarding Brenda's inability to fall asleep, you would say that she is...

displaying normal sleep deprivation because she is either excited or anxious.

Kevin's intensely uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms following heroin use we're probably due in part to a reduction in his body's normal production of...

endorphins.

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, Fernando enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to...

have very relaxed muscles.

When Lanae does her math homework, which area of her brain is most active?

her left hemisphere

Sherry has been somewhat depressed lately. Her physician believes that the neurotransmitter that influences alertness and arousal is the root of her depression. Which neurotransmitter may be the culprit?

norepinephrine

Darleen is in labor with her first child. Which hormone is responsible for the contractions that she feels as part of labor?

oxytocin

June is at a research conference and is browsing through a poster session when a title catches her eye. Reading carefully about the new research described in the power, June is engaged in...

sequential processing.

Stephanie is learning how to touch type. Because this is a new skill for her, it will involve...

sequential processing.

Laura and several classmates are studying for an upcoming test. As they talk, levels of oxytocin in Laura's bloodstream begin to rise. This is most likely to lead Laura to experience increased feelings of social...

trust.

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient named Anna. At the same time a picture of a girl is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, Anna would be most likely to...

verbally report that she saw a girl.

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Trevor's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Trevor is most likely to suffer some loss of...

visual perception.

Fifty-year-old Wayne insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably...

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.

During lunch your friend tells you about her latest dream. In her dream, she was attacked, beaten, and robbed while at home. What would your response be?

"Being attacked is one of the most common themes in dreams."

Tracey frequently checks her text messages while driving. Although this is extremely dangerous, like Tracey, ___% of American drivers have read or sent a text message while driving in the past month.

60

Carolyn is home alone when she hears someone trying to open her front door. She is immediately frightened. Which brain area is involved in her emotional response?

Amygdala

Abigail believes that neurons fire a little at a time. Based on what you have learned about how neurons communicate, how would you explain the firing of a neuron?

An all-or-none response.

Erika is participating in a study in which she completes tasks while electrodes are placed on her scalp to record waves of electrical activity on the brain's surface. Which brain imaging technique is being used?

EEG

Michelle and her boyfriend had a fight earlier in the day. Although they made up after the fight, Michelle still feels angry hours later. Why is this?

Endocrine system messages last an extended period.

Chris has greater difficulty remembering what he learns during his Spanish class if he experiences less than his normal amount of REM sleep the night after the class. Which theory best accounts for Chris' experience?

Information- processing theory

Jane is explaining how neurons communicate to her friend. How should she best define threshold for her friend?

It is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Who is most likely to have a violent dream tonight?

Kelly, who watched a scary movie before going to bed.

Garry just left his physician's office where he underwent a brain scan that measured the magnetic fields from his brain's neural electrical activity. Which brain scan was this?

MEG

Professor Costellese is interested in studying how the brain works. He is interested in learning how reading influences brain activity. Which technique is he likely to use to aid his research on the brain?

MEG

To detect Mr. Wagner's loss of brain tissue from a type of dementia, his physicians are most likely to request that he receive a...

MRI scan.

Of the following people, who will be LEAST likely to resist temptation to the sight of food?

Margo, who has not gotten enough sleep for the past few days.

Alicia is sleeping and is currently dreaming. What sleep stage is she in?

REM

You have an exam coming up and have been studying for the past hour. You know that if you get a good night's rest, it will aid your memory of what you have studied. Why is that?

Sleep appears to reactivate recent experiences that are stored in the hippocampus and move them to permanent storage elsewhere in the cortex.

As you are sitting in the library reading a book, a friend approaches you from behind, places her hand on your shoulder, and says "Hi." Which part of your nervous system transfers this information to your brain and then gives you instructions to turn your head?

Somatic

Erik consistently exhibits knee-jerk response without having any sensations of the taps on his knee. Erik's experience is most indicative of...

a severed spinal cord.

It's almost midnight and Joanna is ready to go to sleep. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of...

alpha waves.

Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your...

cerebral cortex.

After stopping to talk to a friend at the library, Lisa fails to notice that her cell phone, which had been in her back pocket, has fallen out. Her oversight best illustrates...

change blindness.

After turning to wave at one of her friends during lunch, Ivy fails to notice that her new iPad, which had been right next to her lunch plate, is no longer there. He oversight best illustrates...

change blindness.

After flying from Barcelona to Boston, Andrew experience extra hours of daylight and had a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his...

circadian rhythm.

Amber most enjoys partying with friends in the late evening. Her mother, however, prefers to socialize in the morning when she feels more energetic. This difference between Amber and her mother is best explained by the fact that age and experience tend to alter our...

circadian rhythm.

An hour after going to bed, Joseph was so soundly asleep his parents were unable to awaken him for a scheduled dose of medicine. At this point in Joseph's sleep, an EEG would have most likely detected...

delta waves.

Three hours after she goes to sleep, Alexandra's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Alexandra is...

dreaming.

Kirsten worries that her teenage son, Jimmy, doesn't get enough sleep. Which of the following is NOT linked to American adolescents getting less sleep?

eating an early dinner

Deidra has been doing aerobic exercise daily for more than three years. The release of _________________ can help explain why she feels good after exercising.

endorphins

Mathilda believes in the healing effects of acupuncture and frequently advocates for its use. Researchers have been able to confirm its effectiveness and credit _____________________ for its effectiveness.

endorphins

Ricardo was the goalie in a long, bruising soccer game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of...

endorphins.

If your boss accused you of lying about a contract, your adrenal glands would probably release _______________ into your bloodstream.

epinephrine

Wayne's doctor performed a test to reveal both the function and strict of his brain. Which brain scan was used?

fMRI

After experiencing a series of head injuries while playing professional football, Art has begun to struggle with remembering the names of friends and even family members. His memory difficulties are most likely to be due to damage to his...

hippocampus.

Shortly after falling asleep, Josh felt like he was falling from the top of a high cliff. His expertness illustrates...

hypnagogic sensations.

As Becky tries to remove the cookies she is baking from the stove, she accidentally touches the side of the stove with her hand, burning it. Becky instinctively moves her hand from the stove before realizing that she had burned her hand. This illustrates the...

importance of reflexive responses.

Fred remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Fred's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ____________ ____________ of Fred's dream.

latent content

Juan is studying pre-algebra, and Amanda is trying to match artists with their artwork. Based on their current activities, it is likely that Juan's ____________________ is active, and Amanda's ____________________ is active.

left hemisphere; right hemisphere

As Alane recalled her dream, she was walking in the park when a tall, dark, and handsome gentleman approached her; suddenly the scene shifted and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Alane's account represents the __________________ content of her dream.

manifest

Devin is playing soccer. Instructions about where and how to move are carried from his CNS to his muscles by...

motor neurons.

Some neurons enable you to kick a soccer ball by relying outgoing messages to the muscles in your legs and feet. These neurons are called...

motor neurons.

Mr. Jones is arguing with his son about the son's use of the car. In the middle of the argument, Mr. Jones suddenly falls asleep. Mr. Jones apparently suffers from...

narcolepsy.

As you watch an airplane fly by, you notice the motion, the color, and shape of the plane. This involves...

parallel processing.

Although Ray lost some manual dexterity following brain damage from a stroke, the development of new neural pathways enabled him to regain most of his lost agility. This best illustrates the value of...

plasticity.

Many years of intensive dance practice have led to changes in Allysa's motor cortex that enable her skilled leg movements. This best illustrates the value of...

plasticity.

Harry often struggles with sleep and coordinating his gross motor movements. Researchers have determined that the ________ is responsible for both of these functions.

pons

Which region inside your brain stem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when, for example, you trip over the sippers you accidentally left by your bed?

reticular formation

When driving to work, Tom was so focused on his cell-phone conversation that he inadvertently drove through a red light and hit another vehicle. Tom's experience best illustrates the impact of...

selective attention.

While engrossed in studying for his psychology course, Juan isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his sister's conversation. This best illustrates...

selective attention.

You feel the pain of a sprained ankle when ________ relay(s) messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.

sensory neurons

Wayne is playing a new video game with his older brother. Because this is his first time playing the game, it will involve...

sequential processing.

A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Roller's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of...

sexual motivation.

Mr. Glenday repeatedly stops breathing while asleep. It is most likely that Mr. Glenday suffers from...

sleep apnea.

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your back by the ____________ nervous system.

somatic

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movements of your mouth and jaws as you eat is called the...

somatic nervous system.

Which part of your brain is essential for receiving information that you are raising your arm?

somatosensory cortex

When Fran awoke this morning, she was slightly groggy but was able to function. Before lunch she was exceptionally alert. When she left work this afternoon, she was tired and wanted to take a nap. These changes in Fran throughout the day represent different...

states of consciousness.

It is around 11p.m. and Bill is beginning to feel extremely sleepy. This is because the __________________ __________ quiets down, allowing the release of melatonin into the bloodstream.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

You are asleep one night when you hear a rustling sound from downstairs. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the...

sympathetic nervous system.

When a black bear suddenly appears in his front yard, Barry's __________________ nervous system arouses and energizes him. When the bear is gone and the perceived threat is over, his ____________________ nervous system calms and conserves his energy.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Claire has a difficult time sleeping several nights throughout the week. Which of the following is NOT a natural sleep aid that you should recommend to Claire?

take long naps

As Cloe reads a new book, her _______________ is involved in aiding her vocabulary, reading, and ability to store information.

thalamus

Darron lost his sense of taste because a tumor caused damaged to a structure located on top of his brain stem. This structure is known as the...

thalamus.