Chapter 2 - The Chemical Foundation of Life

Normal pH

7.35-7.45

Hydrophobic

A Non-polar substance that do not interact well with water

Hydrophillic/Hydrophile

A polar substance that interacts readily with or dissolves in water

Adhesion

A simple and common blood test uses a thing glass hematocrit tube, which is touched to a drop of blood to collect it. This capillary action occurs due to water's property of?

Solvent

A substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds

Acid

A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) (release) in a solution, usually by having one of its hydrogen atoms dissociate.

Dark-leafy greens, seafood, diary products. Iodine-fortified (ionized) salt

What are some sources in which we get Iodine in our diets?

Meat and some vegetables. Iron-fortified cereals and flours

What are some sources in which we get Iron in our diets?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

What are the four elements that are most common in all living organisms?

Iodine, Iron, Fluoride

What are the three trace elements discussed in class?

They all produce H+ ions in solution, making them acids

What do lemons, tomatoes, and coffee all have in common chemically?

Heat of Vaporization

When water is heated to 100 Celsius and the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules break, it has reached its?

Adhesion

When water molecules are attracted to other non-water molecules.

Electrons

Where do electrons exist in the atom?

Proton and Neutron - Nucleus Electrons - outershell Orbitals

Where is each subatomic particle located? (Proton, Neutron, Electron)

Water

Which compound has the highest specific heat capacity?

These forces are important for transporting water from the roots to the leaves in plants. They create a "pull".

Why are cohesive and adhesive forces important for life?

Aids in the formation of forming bones and teeth

Why is Fluoride required in everyday life?

It is a component of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland

Why is Iodine required in everyday life?

It is a component of hemoglobin in the blood and other proteins

Why is Iron required in everyday life?

Octet Rule

With the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are more stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell.

Alakline

You failed to check the date on the tuna sandwich you chose from the local gas station. A few hours after eating it, your stomach becomes very unhappy and you through up repeatedly and miserably. Your stomach contents have a very acidic pH. You realize that if you continue this way, your body may become ______?

Evaporation

You left a bowl of water out for the neighborhood stray cat on a hot and sunny day. When you check it the next day, it has less water in it. You don't know if it was because the cat was thirsty and drank it, or if it simply underwent the process of?

Cohesion

Water molecules that are attracted to each other (due to hydrogen bonding) which keeps the molecules together at the liquid-gas (water-air) interface.

Anemia

An Iron deficiency in which your body lacks healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues.

Ion

An atom that has given away or gained an electron is referred to as a/an _________.

Goiter

An iodine deficiency in which is the abnormal growing of the thyroid gland.

Iron

Anemia is an __________ deficiency in which your body lacks healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues.

Matter

Any substance that occupies space had has mass

Ionic Bonds

Attraction between an anion and cation

Isotopes

Because the number of neutrons are variable, these are different forms of the same atom that may vary only in the number of neutrons they possess.

Hydrogen Bond

Bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom

Single

Butter and solid fats such as lard would have ______ carbon to carbon bonds.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, but one atom has a stronger attraction than the other

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Consists of closed rings of carob atoms with alternating single and double bonds

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Consists of linear chains of carbon atoms

Mass Number

Determined by the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. # of Protons + # of Neutrons = ________________

Atomic Number

Determined by the number of protons in an element

Structural Isomers

Differ in the placement of their covalent bonds

-ide

Elemental names are changed to ending in ______ when we designate Anions by their elemental names

Cohesion

From the properties of water, water stuck to the windshield is an example of

Iodine

Goiter is a __________ deficiency in which is the abnormal growing of the thyroid gland.

Functional Groups

Groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules.

Geometric Isomers

Have similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ in how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms

98

How many elements occur naturally?

Planar

If a hydrocarbon has the suffix "ene", it has a _______ shape.

Double

If a hydrocarbon has the suffix 'ene", it definitely has carbon to carbon _______ bond(s)

Proton

If a hydrogen atom gives up an electron, it will be a/an?

Proton

If a hydrogen atom gives up an electron, it will become a/an?

Protons

If you were to be able to change the number of __________ in an element, you would change its identity.

the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge.

In a water molecule,

Polar

In a water molecule, the oxygen atom is bigger than the hydrogen atom, exerting a greater pull. This bond is a/an _________ bond?

Geometric

In triglycerides (fats and oils), long chains known as fatty acids may contain double bonds, which can be either the cis or trans configuration, meaning they are _______ isomers.

Cation

Katherine dissolves table salt into a glass of water, and watches as it disappears. She remembers from science class that sodium has an atomic number of 11, and chlorine of 17. She knows therefore, in solution, that sodium will be a/an ________ and form an ionic bond with chlorine.

# of Protons equals

Mass number - # of Neutrons = _________________. Also number of electrons

# of Neutrons equals

Mass number - # of Protons = _________________

Isomers

Molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement (structure) of their atoms and/or chemical bonds

Enantiomers

Molecules that share the same chemical structure and chemical bonds but differ in the 3-D placement of atoms so that they are non-superimposable mirror images.

Substituted Hydrocarbons

Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone.

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

Saltwater fish, tea and coffee. Added to water sources

What are some sources in which we get Fluoride in our diets?

Base

Provides either hydroxide ions or negatively charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration in the solution and therefore raising pH. Releases H+ ions in solutions

Hydrogen Shell

Serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water

Molecules

Simply two or more atoms chemically bonded together

Electrons

The ________ orbit around the nucleus of an atom.

Chemical Reactivity

The ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other.

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas.

Nucleaus

The atom's center and contains protons and neutrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

The bond formed when two atoms share at least one electron 'equally' is known as a/an ________ bond.

Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell

Evaporation

The process by which surface water molecules can escape and vaporize

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element's chemical properties - these cannot be broken down any further

Adhesion

The tendency for water molecules to stick to other water molecules is called?

Fluoride

Tooth decay and cavities are due to deficiencies of?

Elements

Unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

60-70%

Water comprises of approximately _________% of the human body.

Solid (Ice)

Water density is lowest when it is in the form of?

Acidosis

Your asthma has been acting up again, so the doctor wants to look at your arterial blood gases. Your CO2 level is a little high and your oxygen saturation is a bit low. Normal pH of the blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Your blood pH level is 7.33, and is in the range of ______________?

Elements

Your body is composed of fundamental substances with distinctive qualities, known as _________, which you gain from eating and breathing and which cannot be broken down into smaller substance by ordinary chemical reactions.

Anions

negative ions that form by gaining electrons

Capillary Action

occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes

Alkalosis

pH above 7.45

Acidosis

pH below 7.35

Cation

positive ions that form by losing electrons

Buffers

solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of bodily fluids

Surface Tension

tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid

Mole

the amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms

Specific Heat Capacity

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius